SYV-Accents

Mādhyandina-Vājasaneyi-Saṁhitā 1.11 (MIU)

bhūtā́ya tvā nā́rātaye svàrabhivíkhyeṣandṛ́ṁhantāndúryāḥ

pṛthivyā́murvàntárikṣamánvemi pṛthivyā́stvā nā́bhau

sādayāmyádityā upásthé'gne havyáṁ rakṣa || 1.11

Notes:

1. In the transliteration udātta and svarita accents are marked with acute and grave accents. Anudāttas are not marked. Examples: udātta: ā́, í, ŕ̥, ú, á, é; svarita: à; anudātta: ū, a, ā, e, i, u, r̥, au

2. The two svaritas in the transliteration (svàr, urvàntárikṣam) are independent svaritas (see 5) . In Devanāgarī they are marked with special symbols below the syllables sva and va. The symbol below sva ( ˾ ) is used when the independent svarita is preceded by an anudātta and followed by an anudātta or at the end of a line. The second symbol (ω) below va is used when the independent svarita is is preceded by an anudātta and followed by an udātta.

3. In Devanāgarī udāttas are not marked. Dependent svaritas are marked with a short vertical line above the syllable (य॑, रा॑, etc.). An anudātta which follows an udātta becomes a dependent svarita if the anudātta is not followed by an udātta or svarita. Example: bhūtā́ya tvā > भू॒ताय॑ त्वा. In pṛthivyā́stvā nā́bhau the anudātta vā is not replaced by a dependent svarita because vā is followed by the udātta nā́.

4. In Devanāgarī anudāttas are marked with a horizontal line below the syllable. At the beginning of a line all anudāttas preceding an udātta or svarita are marked. Within the line only the anudātta immediately preceding an udātta or svarita is marked. Example: dúryāḥ pṛthivyā́m > दुर्याः॑ पृथि॒व्याम्. Here the anudātta pṛ is not marked because pṛ is not followed by an udātta or svarita.

5. The 4 independent svaritas are called jātya, kṣaipra, abhinihita, and praśliṣṭa. The jātya svarita is an original svarita appearing in some words of the Pada-pāṭha (Examples: svàḥ, vīryàm, tanvàm, vīryā̀ṇi, manuṣyā̀ṇām). The kṣaipra, abhinihita, and praśliṣṭa svaritas are the result of external sandhi combinations.

a) Kṣaipra ('hastened') sandhi:

udātta í, ī́ + anudātta vowel exept i, ī = y + svarita vowel

udātta ú, ū́ + anudātta vowel exept ú, ū́ = v + svarita vowel

Examples: pṛthivī́ | asi > pṛthivyàsi VS 1.2 ; uru | antárikṣam > urvàntárikṣam VS 1.11

b) Abhinihita ('absorbed') sandhi:

udātta é, ó (áḥ) + anudātta a = svarita è, ò

Examples:

loké | asmín > lokè'smín VS 3.21

brāhmaṇáḥ | asya > brāhmaṇò asya > brāhmaṇò'sya VS 31.11

c) Praśliṣṭa ("contracted') sandhi:

udātta í + anudātta i = svarita ī̀

Example: diví-iva > divī̀va VS 6.5; abhí | imáṃ > abhī̀mám VS 38.17