ISC Computer Science 

ISC Computer Science Class 11 Syllabus

Basic Computer Hardware and Software

Topic 1: Numbers | Topic 2: Encoding | Topic 3: Propositional logic, Hardware implementation, Arithmetic operations | 

Topic 4: Introduction to Object Oriented Programming using Java | Topic 5: Objects | Topic 6: Primitive values, Wrapper classes, Types, and casting | Topic 7: Variables, Expressions | Topic 8: Statements, Scope | Topic 9: Methods and Constructors | Topic10: Arrays, Strings | Topic 11: Basic input/output Data File Handling (Binary and Text) | Topic 12: Recursion | Topic 13: Implementation of algorithms to solve problems | Topic 14: Packages | Topic 15: Trends in computing and ethical issues.

Topic 1: Numbers

Representation of numbers in different bases and interconversion between them (e.g. binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal). Addition and subtraction operations for numbers in different bases.

Introduce the positional system of representing numbers and the concept of a base. Discuss the conversion of representations between different bases using English or pseudo code. These algorithms are also good examples for defining different functions in a class modeling numbers (when programming is discussed). For addition and subtraction (1’s complement and 2’s complement) use the analogy with decimal numbers, and emphasize how to carry works (this will be useful later 

Topic 2: Encodings

(a) Binary encodings for integers and real numbers using a finite number of bits (sign-magnitude, 2’s complement, mantissa-exponent notation).

Signed, unsigned numbers, least and most significant bits. Sign-magnitude representation and its shortcomings (two representations for 0, addition requires extra step); two’s-complement representation. Operations (arithmetic, logical, shift), discuss the basic algorithms used for the arithmetic operations.

Floating point representation: normalized scientific notation, mantissa exponent representation, binary point (discuss the trade-off between size of mantissa and exponent). Single and double precision.

(b) Characters and their encodings (e.g. ASCII, ISCII, Unicode).

Discuss the limitations of the ASCII code in representing characters of other languages. Discuss the Unicode representation for the local language. Java uses Unicode, so strings in the local language can be used (they can be displayed if fonts are available) - a simple table lookup for local language equivalents for Latin (i.e. English) character strings may be done.

Topic 3: Propositional logic, Hardware implementation, Arithmetic operations

(a) Propositional logic, well-formed formulae, truth values and interpretation of well formed formulae, truth tables.

Propositional variables; the common logical connectives ((not)(negation), ∧ (and)(conjunction), ∨ (or)(disjunction), ⇒ (implication), ⇔ (equivalence)); definition of a well-formed formula (wff); representation of simple word problems as wff (this can be used for motivation); the values true and false; interpretation of a wff; truth tables; satisfiable, unsatisfiable and valid formulae.

(b) Logic and hardware, basic gates (AND, NOT, OR) and their universality, other gates (NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR), half adder, full adder.

Show how the logic in (a) above can be realized in hardware in the form of gates. These gates can then be combined to implement the basic operations for arithmetic. Tie up with the arithmetic operations on integers discussed earlier in 2 (a).

Topic 4:Introduction to Object Oriented Programming using Java

Topic 5:Objects

(a) Objects as data (attributes) + behaviour (methods or methods); object as an instance of a class.

Difference between object and class should be made very clear. BlueJ (www.bluej.org) and Greenfoot (www.greenfoot.org) can be used for this purpose.

(b) Analysis of some real-world programming examples in terms of objects and classes.

Use simple examples like a calculator, date, number, etc. to illustrate how they can be treated as objects that behave in certain well-defined ways and how the interface provides a way to access behavior. Illustrate behavior changes by adding new methods, deleting old methods, or modifying existing methods.

(c) Basic concept of a virtual machine; Java Virtual Machine (JVM); compilation and execution of Java programs (the javac and java programs).

The JVM is a machine but built as a program and not through hardware. Therefore it is called a virtual machine. To run, JVM machine language programs require an interpreter. The advantage is that such JVM machine language programs (.class files) are portable and can run on any machine that has the Java program.

(d) Compile time and run-time errors; the basic concept of an exception, the Exception class, try-catch, throw, throws, and finally.

Differentiate between compile time and run-time errors. Run time errors crash the program. Recovery is possible by the use of exceptions. Explain how an exception object is created and passed up until a matching catch is found. This behavior is different from the one where a value is returned by a deeply nested method call.

Topic 6:Primitive values, Wrapper classes, Types, and casting

Primitive values and types: byte, int, short, long, float, double, boolean, char. Corresponding wrapper classes for each primitive type. Class as a type of the object. Class as mechanism for user-defined types. Changing types through user-defined casting and automatic type coercion for some primitive types.

Ideally, everything should be a class; primitive types are defined for efficiency reasons; each primitive type has a corresponding wrapper class. Classes as user-defined types. In some cases, types are changed by automatic coercion or casting - e.g. mixed type expressions. However, casting in general is not a good idea and should be avoided, if possible.

Topic 7:Variables, Expressions

Variables as names for values; named constants (final), expressions (arithmetic and logical), and their evaluation (operators, associativity, precedence). Assignment operation; the difference between the left-hand side and right-hand side of assignment.

Variables denote values; variables are already defined as attributes in classes; variables have types that constrain the values it can denote. Difference between variables denoting primitive values and object values - variables denoting objects are references to those objects. The assignment operator = is special. The variable on the LHS of = denotes the memory location while the same variable on the RHS denotes the contents of the location e.g. i=i+2.

NOTE: Library functions for solving expressions may be used as and when required.

Topic 8:Statements, Scope

Statements; conditional (if, if else, if else if, switch case) ternary operator, looping (for, while, do while), continue, break; grouping statements in blocks, scope, and visibility of variables.

Describe the semantics of the conditional and looping statements in detail. Evaluation of the condition in conditional statements.

Nesting of blocks. Variables with block scope, method scope, and class scope. Visibility rules when variables with the same name are defined in different scopes.

Topic 9:Methods and Constructors

Methods and Constructors (as abstractions for complex user-defined operations on objects), methods as mechanisms for side effects; formal arguments and actual arguments in methods; different behavior of primitive and object arguments. Static methods and variables. This operator. Examples of algorithmic problem solving using methods (number problems, finding roots of algebraic equations, etc.).

Methods are like complex operations where the object is implicitly the first argument. The operator denotes the current object. Methods typically return values. Illustrate the difference between primitive values and object values as arguments (changes made inside methods persist after the call for object values). Static definitions as class variables and class methods visible and shared by all instances. Need for static methods and variables.

Introduce the main method - needed to begin execution. Constructor as a special kind of method; the new operator; multiple constructors with different argument structures; constructor returns a reference to the object.

Topic 10: Arrays, Strings

Structured data types - arrays (single and multidimensional), strings. Example algorithms that use structured data types (searching, finding maximum/minimum, sorting techniques, solving systems of linear equations, substring, concatenation, length, access to char in string, etc.).

Storing many data elements of the same type requires structured data types - like arrays. Access in arrays is constant time and does not depend on the number of elements. Sorting techniques (bubble, selection, insertion) and structured data types can be defined by classes - String. Introduce the Java library String class and the basic operations on strings (accessing individual characters, various substring operations, concatenation, replacement, index of operations).

Topic 11:Basic input/output Data File Handling (Binary and Text)

a) Basic input/output using Scanner and Printer classes.

Input/output exceptions. Tokens in an input stream, the concept of whitespace, extracting tokens from an input stream (String Tokenizer class). The Scanner class can be used for input of various types of data (e.g. int, float, char, etc.) from the standard input stream. Similarly, the Printer class handles output. Only basic input and output using these classes should be covered.

Discuss the concept of a token (a delimited continuous stream of characters that is meaningful in the application program - e.g. words in a sentence where the delimiter is the blank character). This naturally leads to the idea of delimiters and in particular whitespace and user-defined characters as delimiters. As an example show how the StringTokenizer class allows one to extract a sequence of tokens from a string with user-defined delimiters.

Topic 12: Recursion

Concept of recursion, simple recursive methods (e.g. factorial, GCD, binary search, conversion of representations of numbers between different bases).

Many problems can be solved very elegantly by observing that the solution can be composed of solutions to ‘smaller’ versions of the same problem with the base version having a known simple solution. Recursion can be initially motivated by using recursive equations to define certain methods. These definitions are fairly obvious and are easy to understand. The definitions can be directly converted to a program. Emphasize that any recursion must have a base case. Otherwise, the computation can go into an infinite loop.

Topic 13: Implementation of algorithms to solve problems

The students are required to do lab assignments in the computer lab concurrently with the lectures. Programming assignments should be done such that each major topic is covered in at least one assignment. Assignment problems should be designed so that they are sufficiently challenging and make the student do algorithm design, address correctness issues, implement and execute the algorithm in Java, and debug where necessary.

Topic 14: Packages

Definition, creation of packages, importing user-defined packages, interaction of objects across packages.

Java Application Programming Interface (API), development of applications using user-defined packages.

Topic15:Trends in computing and ethical issues when binary adders are discussed).

a) Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Virtual Reality, and Augmented Reality.

Brief understanding of the above and their impact on Society.

(b) Cyber Security, privacy, netiquette, spam, phishing.

Brief understanding of the above.

(c) Intellectual property, Software copyright and patents, and Free Software Foundation.

Intellectual property and corresponding laws and rights, software as intellectual property.

Software copyright and patents and the difference between the two; trademarks; software licensing and piracy. free Software Foundation and its position on software, Open Source Software, and various types of licensing (e.g. GPL, BSD).

Social impact and ethical issues should be discussed and debated in class. The important thing is for students to realize that these are complex issues and there are multiple points of view on many of them and there is no single ‘correct’ or ‘right’ view.

Enhancing technology skills 

Essential Resources

• https://www.icsesyllabus.in/class-11/isc-computer-science-class-11-syllabus