長崎ランタンフェスティバル, (c)長崎県クリエイティブ・コモンズ・ライセンス(表示4.0国際)

プログラム

第1セッション: 午前の部

座長:

川田恵介

(東京大学)

10:00-11:05

The Impact of Market Competition on High-Speed Rail Service Quality: Does Monopoly Slow Down a Bullet Train?

Abstract:

When Japan National Railways (JNR) was privatized into six regionally monopolistic railway corporations in 1987, there emerged exceptional areas where the industrial structure of railway transportation happened to be duopolistic due to an operational reason. Leveraging on this natural experimental setting arising from the privatization of JNR, we estimate the impact of market competition on the service quality i.e., speed and scheduling of a high-speed rail (HSR) run by an oligopolistic service provider. The paper shows that the change in time costs is significantly lower in those segments where HSR is competing with a conventional rail, and that such effect is larger for the shorter-distance markets where the competition is presumably more intensive.

報告者:

吉田雄一朗

(広島大学)

討論者:

赤井伸郎

(大阪大学)

11:05-11:10

11:10-12:15

消費の時間制約と都市集積の分析

Abstract:

本研究では、消費に関して、予算制約と同時に時間制約がある場合の市場の均衡と都市形成を理論的に分析する。Dixit-Stiglitz型効用関数を用いて、財のバラエティの増加が望ましい消費者と、その市場への企業参入（財のバラエティの増加）による都市の集積を表す一方で、財の種類の増加に伴い各財の消費に伴う時間負担が増加する、という人口増加による混雑効果とは別の効果により、需要が抑制される側面をモデルに加えて、市場の均衡の面から都市の形成を確認する。政策への応用分析として、例えば、プレミアムフライデーといった、消費者の可処分時間を確保する政策を行った場合に、都市の市場の均衡、及び都市の形成にどのような影響があるかを考察する。結果として、代替の弾力性によって表される財のバラエティの選好度合いにより、均衡や政策効果が違うことがわかった。さらに、労働時間の調整が限定的な場合と完全な場合と比較し、政策が目指すべき目標を探った。

報告者:

村山透

(筑波大学)

討論者:

堀井亮

(大阪大学)

第2セッション: 午後の部 I

座長:

小川光

(東京大学)

13:30-14:35

Monetary Costs versus Opportunity Costs in a Voting Experiment

Abstract:

We conduct a laboratory experiment of voting in which voting cost is given to participants as both monetary cost and opportunity cost, and compare to what extent they decrease voting probability. Our finite mixture probit regression reveals that a half of decisions are regarded to have taken opportunity cost into account, and that, even for such decisions, the effect of opportunity cost on voter turnout is one-third of the effect of monetary cost. These observations explain the paradox of voter turnout (i.e., many people go to the polls although the cost of going to the polls seems to be greater than the expected gain from voting) in terms of the misperception and/or depreciation of the opportunity cost of voting.

報告者:

肥前洋一

(高知工科大学)

討論者:

佐々木彈

(東京大学)

14:35-14:40

14:40-15:45

Property tax competition in a system of cities

Abstract:

We construct a framework that enables us to assess the property taxation by local jurisdictions both qualitatively and quantitatively. In so doing, we consider two alternative regimes for tax decision: decentralized and centralized taxation. We first show theoretically that the equilibrium property tax rates are inefficient under both regimes. We then numerically examine which regime can represent the actual economy by using Japanese data. Our analysis show that the actual Japanese economy is close to the centralized taxation, and that a change from the actual economy to the decentralized taxation largely decreases the social welfare.

報告者:

佐藤泰裕

(東京大学)

討論者:

長谷川誠

(京都大学)

15:45-16:00

第3セッション: 午後の部 II

座長:

西脇雅人

(大阪大学)

16:00-17:05

Costs of Utilizing Regional Trade Agreements

Abstract:

This paper proposes methods to quantify additional fixed and variable costs to utilize regional trade agreements (RTAs) in exporting. The methods are built on a model of international trade where heterogeneous exporters decide what tariff scheme to use. By applying our methods to Japan’s imports from RTA partner countries, we found that RTA utilization requires 4-8% of additional fixed costs in terms of the median. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the reduction of the additional fixed costs by 1 percentage point raises the RTA utilization rate, which is defined as imports under the RTA scheme over total imports, by 29 percentage points. We also showed that the compliance of rules of origin raises variable costs by two percentage points. Then, we simulate the impacts of the elimination of these variable costs for the RTA utilization rate and show its rise by 20 percentage point.

報告者:

松浦寿幸

(慶應義塾大学)

討論者:

高橋孝明

(東京大学)

17:05-17:10

17:10-18:15

Impact of Real Asset Price Bubble on Household Resource Allocation and Utility over a Lifecycle

Abstract:

Japan experienced an asset price bubble at the end of the 1980s and the early 1990s. This dramatic change in real asset prices may have a great impact on housing decisions, asset accumulation, and the lifetime utility of households in Japan, because most Japanese buy a new house only once in their lives. This study aims to assess the lifetime impact of real asset price bubbles on Japanese households. We construct a theoretical model explaining the dynamic housing decisions of households under collateral and borrowing constraints. Then, we estimate a model by using a unique dataset on household consumption and assets, precisely and subjectively estimating their real asset holdings. By using the estimated model, we do a counterfactual simulation to quantify the effect of real asset price bubbles; the simulation indicates that the bubble caused an 11% loss in lifetime utility.

報告者:

菅史彦

(九州大学)

討論者:

山鹿久木

(関西学院大学)

懇親会

注: それぞれ報告40分，予定討論10分，一般討論15分を予定しています．