2014年度
日時: 2014年8月2日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4A
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 武智一貴 氏 (法政大学)
題目: The Quality of Distance: Quality Sorting, the Alchian-Allen Effect, and Geography
概要: Either quality sorting or the presence of specific cost (the Alchian Allen effect) is considered as a main mechanism when there is a positive relationship between product quality and distance to market. However, reduced form regressions in the literature cannot reveal which or both of two mechanisms are the main driving force. In this study, using unique Japanese individual goods price data, we identify the effects of quality sorting and specific costs separately. Empirical analysis shows that while high cost firms produce high quality goods as considered in Baldwin and Harrigan (2011), the quality sorting mechanism is not strong enough to cause the positive link between quality and distance. We find that the technology parameter that relates costs to quality is over- estimated without specific costs. Then, we confirm that the presence of specific costs is significant, which contributes to generate the positive relationship between these. We also find that specific cost components in transport cost function are more distance-elastic than ad-valorem components, which is qualitatively consistent with the trade cost specification by Hummels and Skiba (2004). These results are robust to various measures of distance and specifications.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 川口大司 氏 (一橋大学)
題目: 放射能による土壌汚染が不動産市場に与えた影響 (行武憲史との共著)
概要: 本研究の目的は、国土交通省「不動産取引価格情報（土地総合情報システム）」と文部科学省「航空機モニタリング」によって測定された地表面へ放射性物質の沈着量のデータを用いて不動産取引価格の変化を検証することによって、福島第１原子力発電所事故がもたらした社会的損失を定量的に計測しようと試みるものである。分析の対象は、震災前後の１年、すなわち2010年第2四半期～2012年第１四半期までの期間に、岩手県、宮城県、福島県、茨城県、栃木県、群馬県、埼玉県、千葉県、東京都、神奈川県の１都９県において、取引された「宅地（土地）」、「宅地（土地と建物）」、「中古マンション等」である。ヘドニック法の適用に際しては、計測したい要因（ここでは放射能汚染）以外の要因をいかにコントロールするかが重要であるが、本研究では、大字・町名レベルでの固定効果推定を用いることで時間によって変化しない立地条件等の情報をコントロールしている。分析の結果、宅地（土地）、中古マンション等のいずれの取引においても、放射性物質の影響により取引価格が下落していることが示された。分析対象地域の放射線の影響によって下落した宅地価格の総額、いわば宅地における原子力発電所事故による損失総額は、2兆6500億円と算出された。
日時: 2014年9月27日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 石黒真吾 氏 (大阪大学)
題目: Non-Stationary Relational Contracts with Labor Market Frictions
概要: This paper presents a dynamic model of non-stationary relational contracts with labor market frictions which accounts for how employment contracts become diverse and evolve to motivate employed workers over time. We find the novel dynamic mechanism under which the optimal relational contracts between firms and workers in a current period depend on the labor market conditions in future periods which are in turn determined by how many new businesses are established via the current choice of relational contracts. We then show that such dynamic mechanism makes equilibrium relational contracts non-stationary and leads to multiple equilibrium paths which converge to different steady states: one equilibrium path is characterized by the use of only implicit incentive whereas others depend on both explicit and implicit incentives even for the same initial condition. Thus initially similar economies are divergent over time in terms of employment contracts.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 齋藤久光 氏 (北海道大学)
題目: 多国籍企業の参入が地域経済に与える影響-インドネシアを事例に-
概要: 本研究はインドネシアの食品産業を対象に，多国籍企業の参入により地場企業の退出がどの程度促されるのか，また，それはどの程度地域の生産性向上に寄与しているのか明らかにする．個票データに基づく分析の結果，多国籍企業が多数立地する地域では，地場企業の生産性が多国籍企業からのスピルオーバー効果により高まること，生産性の低い地場企業は事業から撤退する傾向にあることが示された．さらに，地域の生産性はスピルオーバー効果よりも，生産性の低い地場企業の退出によって大きく改善していた．従って，多国籍企業の誘致による経済活性化を進めるにあたっては，地場企業の参入・退出が自由に行われるような制度設計を進めることが重要である．
日時: 2014年11月8日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 五十川大也 氏 (東京大学)
題目: The Effects of Government Subsidies on Private R&D Activities: Spillovers and Subsidy Effectiveness
概要: This paper estimates an oligopoly model of product innovation to evaluate an equilibrium effect of government subsidy on firm's R&D activities. We characterize a mechanism in which subsidies affect private R&D activities, incorporating (1) R&D spillovers and (2) strategic interactions in firm behavior. The estimation results obtained by use of Japanese firm-level data on product innovation identify net positive spillovers in firm's R&D activities. Simulation exercises based on the obtained estimates indicate that, while the existing subsidies indeed encourage firms' R&D investment, they are far from optimal.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 清田耕造 氏 (慶應義塾大学)
題目: Disemployment Caused by Foreign Direct Investment? Multinationals and Japanese Employment
概要: Using parent-foreign affiliate matched data on Japan from 1995 to 2009, this paper examines the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic employment, especially in manufacturing. One of the contributions of this paper is that we utilize the matched data for each country in which Japanese multinational firms operate, which enables us to identify the differences in the impact of FDI between destinations. Results indicate that the increases in the investment goods price in China but the decreases in it in the United States negatively affected the domestic labor demand of multinationals in Japan. This contrast may reflect a difference in specialization patterns across countries. We also found that disemployment in Japan was driven mainly by substitution between capital and labor, rather than by the reallocation of labor from Japan to overseas.
日時: 2014年12月13日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 髙槻泰郎 氏 (神戸大学)
題目: Communication with Market Participants for Macroeconomic Policy: Empirical Assessment using Data in Early Modern Japan
概要: We introduce the natural experiment that the policy maker sought to communicate with the market in spite of the fact that it was free from accountability on the principle of the democracy. We use the Tokugawa Shogunate's experience of macroeconomic policy to empirically explore the role of communication. Through the Tokugawa period (1603-1867), the Shogunate often intervened the market to keep the rice price stable, based on his absolute authority. We find three phases of the market interventions during the period from the mid-18th to the early 19th century. First, the Shogunate conducted the large-sized intervention in the way ignoring the market participants, but had to abandon it. Second, in the wake of this failure, the Shogunate conducted small-sized interventions in the way just following the arguments of the market participants, which were not so effective. Finally, the Shogunate achieved the policy goal by the commitment with large-sized interventions as one of the communication tools to convey his intention to the market participants.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 茂木洋之 氏 (東京大学)
題目: Does Retirement Change Life Style Habits?
概要: This paper studies the effect of retirement on life style habits, including drinking, smoking and exercise by using the Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement (JSTAR). Rich information in JSTAR enables us to use unique instrumental variables to account for endogeneity. Our contribution is new results that, after retirement, people reduce smoking and alcohol, but there is no effect on exercise. Controlling important factors also allows us to inspect the channels between retirement and life style habits. Our estimation suggests that peer effects in the work place is mainly influential to habits of drinking and smoking.