2018年度
日時: 2018年6月2日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
14:00-15:50
講演者: 鶴田大輔氏 (日本大学)
題目: SME Policies as a Barrier to Growth of SMEs
概要: 本論文は、法定中小企業の要件の維持が、中小企業の成長にどのような影響を与えるのか、法人企業統計の企業レベルのデータ使って分析した。分析の結果は下記の通りである。第1に、法人税法、もしくは1999年までの製造業などにおける旧中小企業基本法の要件である、資本金1億円に近い企業は資本金を増加させない傾向がある。これは法定中小企業の要件を満たすために、企業が資本金のレベルを維持することを示唆する。第2に、1999年の中小企業基本法の資本金要件の改定を利用して、差分の差分法（Difference-in-differences）により計量分析した結果、資本金要件が緩和されたことにより企業は資本金をより多く増加させることが示された。これは、中小企業基本法の資本金要件が資本金増加に対する制約になっていたことを示唆する。第3に、資本金増加は総資産増加率で測った企業成長に対してプラスの影響を与えることから、資本金要件による資本金増加に対する制約は、中小企業の成長に対して負の効果を与えることが示された。また、負債比率が高い企業や業績が不安定な産業において、資本金増加は負債削減効果があることから、資本金要件緩和により負債比率の調整が促進した。
16:10-18:00
講演者: 中林純氏 (近畿大学)
題目: Regulatory Capture in Public Procurement:Evidence from Revolving Door Bureaucrats in Japan (with Kentaro Asai and Kei Kawai)
概要: We study how hiring public officials affects firms’ ability to win government contracts. By linking personnel transitions of public officials and government construction projects awarded to firms in Japan, we find evidence consistent with the exchange of post-public employment for an increase in government contract awards. Our results suggest that quid-pro-quo arrangements are not made as simple bilateral agreements between an individual public official and a firm, but rather maintained through repeated interactions between generations of public officials and firms, consistent with the model of Salant (1995).
日時: 2018年7月14日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
14:00-15:50
講演者: 中島賢太郎氏 (一橋大学)
題目: Impact of workplace communication networks on productivity: A new approach using wearable sensors
概要: This paper empirically investigates the structure of communication networks among employees within a firm and the impact of the communication networks on their productivity. To collect information on face-to-face communication among employees quantitatively, we use wearable sensors that automatically record data on face-to-face communication among employees wearing them at two offices of a company that provides software support to corporate clients. Using the data, we first show the structure of the communication network using sociogram. Next, we investigate the impact of the communication network on productivity. The results show that an increase in betweenness centrality in a communication network has a positive and significant impact on office performance. Communication between employees can be interpreted as the transfer of their specialized knowledge. Thus, it is considered that an employee’s high betweenness centrality indicates that the employee efficiently gathers information from various colleagues through the communication network. These results imply that the efficient gathering of information through face-to-face communication with various colleagues who have specialized expert knowledge improves productivity by helping to solve complicated problems that employees face.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 小西祥文氏 (筑波大学)
題目: Do Regulatory Loopholes Distort Technical Change? Evidence from New Vehicle Launches under the Japanese Fuel Economy Regulation
概要: We empirically examine the distortionary impact of regulatory loopholes on technical change in the context of the Japanese fuel-economy regulation. We construct a model of firm's product choice under technology constraints (i) to substantiate the importance of the distinction between first-stage technology choice versus second-stage choice of product attributes for welfare and policy evaluation and (ii) to generate a testable economic hypothesis that attribute-based technology standards distort technical change when they create trade-offs between product attributes that differ from technically feasible trade-offs. We test this hypothesis in a unique data set on new product launches in the Japanese automobile industry. To control for the Ratchet effect and other time-varying confounders, we exploit the unique quasi-experimental variations in terms of width and stringency of standards across product segments over time, and construct two-fold treatment-control structures within each product segment. We find that contrary to earlier studies, the attribute-based standards did not induce sharp bunching at the notches, yet the differences in attribute trade-offs arising from these notches indeed induced different rates of technical progress, causing substantial distortion in technical change in the Japanese automobile industry.
日時: 2018年10月20日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4A
14:00-15:50
講演者: 土居直史氏 (札幌学院大学)
題目: Empirical Study of Per-passenger and Per-flight Airport Charges
概要: This study empirically investigates how airport charges affect airfares, flight frequency, and welfare. It estimates a structural model endogenizing airfares and flight frequency by using the data on Japanese domestic routes and conducts simulation analyses. It is found that both types of charges decrease flight frequency. By contrast, while an increase in per-passenger charges significantly raises airfares, per-flight charges have little effect on them. Simulation results suggest that per-passenger charges are superior to per-flight charges from the viewpoints of both airline profits and the social surplus under the conditions of the analyzed market, in which passengers sufficiently evaluate flight frequency.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 中嶋亮氏 (慶應義塾大学)
題目: Examining Patent Examiners: Present Bias, Procrastination and Time Pressure
概要: This research studies present-biased procrastination of U.S. patent examiners. We describe patent examination work as a problem of intertemporal effort allocation by the agent who must complete a task in a fixed deadline, and adopt the standard two-parameter model (β-δ model) to characterize a conflict between short-run and long-run preferences. We apply the model to a large-scale administrative data from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office with information on daily transaction history of patent applications in the field of Biotechnology and Organic Chemistry. The empirical results support evidence for procrastination by present-biased patent examiners.
日時: 2018年11月17日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
14:00-15:50
講演者: 加納和子氏 (早稲田大学)
題目: 実質為替レートと通貨体制 : 1972年沖縄返還からの示唆
概要: 本稿は，異なる通貨体制が個別小売商品レベルの実質為替レートに対して与える効果を識別・推定する上で,1972年5月15日の沖縄本士返還前後に流球・沖縄が経験した3つの通貨体制―米ドル固定相場制，米ドル変動相場制，および日本円共通通貨制―が理想的かつ強力な自然実験環境を提供することを，第2次世界大戦後の流球・沖縄の経済史を概観することで議論する．この自然実験の実装のため，本稿は沖縄本士返還前後に沖縄と日本本士において実施された小売物価統計調査に着目する．食料品41銘柄に埜づいた本稿の計量分析から，米ドル変動相場制は統計的にも経済的にも個別商品レベルの実質為替レート調整に対し有意な阻害効果を持つこと，また個別商品レベルの実質為替レート調整を促進する共通通貨効果の仮説は，経済的には有意ではないことが観察される．本稿の自然実験からの結論は，名目為替レート変動の国内小売価格への不完全なパススルーを示唆する開放経済ニューケインジアンモデルの実証的妥当性を支持している．
16:10-18:00
講演者: 遠山祐太氏 (早稲田大学)
題目: Dynamic Incentives and Equilibrium in Cap-and-Trade Regulation
概要: Regulatory design of cap-and-trade program involves dynamic considerations: A regulator set up a schedule of permit allocation, which often decreases over time, and decides whether it allows for saving/borrowing of emissions permits across periods. Given such dynamic policy design, regulated firms make abatement and compliance decisions in a forward-looking way. This paper studies dynamic incentives of those firms and equilibrium outcomes under cap-and-trade regulation. I first develop a dynamic equilibrium model of heterogeneous firms that characterizes abatement investment and permit trading subject to transactions costs. I estimate the model using the data from the US Acid Rain Program and evaluate the performance of cap-and-trade through counterfactual simulations. I found that, given a fixed level of aggregate emissions, the costs of reducing emissions under cap-and-trade are 16.6% lower than a uniform standard. Although environmental damages from SO2 emissions increase due to the change in the geographic distribution of emissions, the net-benefit of the cap-and-trade is positive. I also examine the potential gains from trade in the absence of transaction costs. I find more dispersed patterns of investment and less banking of permits, both of which result in cost savings.
日時: 2019年2月23日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4A
14:00-15:50
講演者: 細野薫氏 (学習院大学)
題目: Size-dependent VAT, Compliance Costs, and Firm Growth (co-authored with Masaki Hotei and Daisuke Miyakawa)
16:10-18:00
講演者: 南橋尚明氏 (上智大学)
題目: Relationships between Bilateral Lending and Syndicated Loans