2012年度
日時: 2012年5月19日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 北野泰樹 氏 (政策研究大学院大学)
題目: Disguised Protectionism? Environmental Policy in the Japanese Car Market
概要: US government criticized Japanese environmental policies for the promotion of eco-friendly car(eco-cars) purchases, e.g. tax exemptions and subsidies, as disguised forms of domestic protection because none of US car models was certified as eco-cars unlike many Japanese car models. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether or not the Japanese environmental policies from 2005 to 2009 were the case of the disguised form of protection that was prohibited under the WTO rule. To achieve this goal, this paper implements counterfactual simulation based on the structural econometric model of multi-product oligopolistic competition to obtain what would happen if the Japanese government introduces an alternative eco-car certification rule that expands the target of the subsidy as suggested by the US government. Simulation results show that although the average fuel economy under the alternative rule is comparable to that under the actual, the alternative is costly in terms of impro ving fuel economy because it requires much larger amount of subsidy in order to achieve the same average fuel economy level as in the actual. Accordingly, the Japanese environmental policies were efficient in terms of improving the environmental quality and thus would not be the case of the disguised protectionism.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 中林純 氏 (大阪大学)
題目: A Theory of Multi-dimensional Auctions with Non-quasi-linear Scoring Rules (with Makoto Hanazono (Nagoya University) and Masanori Tsuruoka (University of Tokyo))
概要: We establish a model of scoring auctions in which the assumption that the scoring function be quasi-linear is relaxed. In particular, we examine the scoring auctions with price-quality ratio (PQR) scoring rules, which is another class of widespreadly used scoring functions. Verifying the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium in scoring auctions with PQR rules, we demonstrate that equivalence fails in both expected exercised scores and bidders' expected payoffs if scoring rules are on the basis of PQR: The procurement buyer obtains higher utility in SS while bidders earn higher expected profits in FS auctions.
日時: 2012年6月16日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 村尾徹士 氏 (一橋大学)
題目: Entry Barriers, Reallocation, and Productivity Growth: Evidence from Japanese manufacturing firms (with Makoto Nirei)
概要: This paper investigates the effect of exogenous entry barriers on productivity growth, using an R&D-based endogenous growth model. Previous theoretical and empirical literature has emphasized the role of two types of reallocation on productivity growth, namely, reallocation of market shares among incumbent firms (selection channel) and firm turnover (entry/exit channel). When firms have heterogeneous innovation efficiency levels, we find that a reduction in entry costs may reduce the selection pressure on inefficient incumbents while it stimulates the entry of new firms. We incorporate entry cost and free entry condition into the model proposed by Lentz and Mortensen (2008) and estimate entry cost and other structural parameters using Japanese firm-level data. A counterfactual simulation of the reduced entry cost suggests that positive effect of stimulated entry on productivity growth outweighs the negative one of reduced selection. We also show quantitatively that increased R&D tax credits enhance productivity growth through both reallocation channels.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 田中清泰 氏 (アジア経済研究所)
題目: Spatial Spillovers from FDI Agglomeration: Evidence from Yangtze River Delta in China
概要: Foreign firms have clustered together in the Yangtze River Delta, and their impact on domestic firms is an important policy issue. This paper studies a spatial effect of FDI agglomeration on regional productivity of domestic firms, using Chinese firm-level data. To identify local FDI spillovers, we first estimate a causal impact of foreign firms on domestic firms in the same county and industry. We then estimate a spatial-autoregressive model to examine spatial spillovers from FDI clusters to other domestic firms in distant counties. Our results show that FDI agglomeration generates positive spillovers for domestic firms, which are stronger in nearby areas than in distant areas.
日時: 2012年8月4日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 森悠子氏 (日本学術振興会)
題目: Does Political Reservation Affect Voting Behavior? Empirical Evidence from India (with Takashi Kurosaki)
概要: This paper empirically examines the impact of political reservation for disadvantaged groups on voting behavior. Using microdata from the National Election Study of the 2004 parliamentary elections in India, we find that in a reserved constituency, where only members of the disadvantaged castes can stand for election, voters of the disadvantaged castes are encouraged to vote. On the other hand, the system of constituency reservation does not have any impact on the turnout of voters belonging to other groups, including relatively upper caste voters. These voters, however, tend to change political party to vote for in reserved constituencies. These findings imply that there can be a general acceptance of political reservation within a democratic system.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 小川禎友氏 (近畿大学)
題目: Optimal Taxation in an Open Economy
概要: This paper analyzes optimal taxation in an open economy with a revenue constraint. We undertake the analysis in a small country as the benchmark case, and then consider the situation of a large country. Our key findings are as follows. First, the expression for the optimal commodity tax in the small country is the same as in the large country, implying that there is no difference in the policy implications of optimal commodity taxes for small and large countries. Second, the elasticities of supply as well as the elasticities of compensated demand are determinants of the relative size of the optimal commodity tax rates between goods in both the small country and the large country. This result contrasts sharply with Dasgupta and Stiglitz (1974) and Keen and Wildasin (2004). Third, the relative optimal tariff rates are determined by the elasticities of supply, even though the tariffs yield price distortions on the demand side as well as the supply side.
日時: 2012年10月27日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 中林真幸 氏 (東京大学)
題目: Schooling, Employer Learning, and Internal Labor Markets: Wage Dynamics with Hidden Abilities and Specific Skills in the Japanese Steel Industry
概要: The impact of schooling on wages decreases as employers learn about workers' abilities from their experience. While such learning often proceeds asymmetrically between incumbent and entrant employers, large firms' internal labor markets could satisfy the statistical assumption of the public learning model. This research utilizes such semi-public properties and shows that (1) employer learning is not observed for experience prior to gaining long-term employment, being dominated by complementarity between schooling and experience, and (2) the employer learning effect dominates the complementarity effect after gaining long-term employment; internal labor markets affect workers' human capital investment and asymmetrically facilitate employer learning.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 松浦寿幸 氏 (慶應義塾大学)
題目: Trade Liberalization in East Asia and FDI Strategies in Heterogeneous Firms: Evidence from Japanese Firm-level Data (with Kazunobu Hayakawa)
概要: This paper attempts to clarify the reasons for the rapid growth of FDI in developing countries, particularly East Asian countries, compared with that of FDI to developed countries. To do this, we will examine the mechanics of HFDI and VFDI with shedding light on the role of trade costs. Our empirical analysis by estimation of a logit or multinomial logit model of Japanese firms' FDI choices reveals that the reduction of tariff rates attracts even less productive VFDI firms. This result is consistent with a different definition of VFDI. Since developing countries, particularly East Asian countries, have experienced a relatively rapid decrease in tariff rates, our results indicate that the increase of VFDI through tariff rate reduction has led to the recent relative surge of FDIs in developing countries.
日時: 2012年11月10日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4A
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 内藤巧 氏 (早稲田大学)
題目: An Eaton-Kortum model of trade and growth
概要: We combine a multi-country, continuum-good Ricardian model of Eaton and Kortum (2002) with a multi-country AK model of Acemoglu and Ventura (2002) to examine how trade liberalization affects countries' growth rates and extensive margins of trade over time. Focusing mainly on the three-country case, we obtain two main results. First, a permanent fall in any trade cost raises the balanced growth rate. Second, trade liberalization increases the liberalizing countries' long-run fractions of exported varieties to all destinations. Our analysis includes a bilateral preferential trade agreement with the long-run bilateral terms of trade unchanged.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 作道真理 氏 (政策投資銀行)
題目: Do Social Norms Matter to Energy Saving Behavior ?: Social Endogenous and Correlated Effects (with Toshi H. Arimura and Hajime Katayama)
概要: Social norms have received growing attention as a potential driver for pro-environmental behavior, partly due to ample empirical evidence based on survey data. Previous studies typically rely on reduced-form methods that cannot distinguish between social endogenous and correlated effects, although the two effects have different policy implications. In this study, using data from a Japanese household survey on energy saving behavior, we estimate a structural model that accounts for simultaneity, common shocks and nonrandom group selection, thereby distinguishing between the two key effects. We find that the influence of social norms on energy saving behavior is insignificant or small, if any, while simple reduced-form estimates are found to be large and highly significant as in previous studies. Our results demonstrate the possibility that findings obtained in survey-based household studies mainly reflect a correlation rather than the causation between social norms and pro-environmental behavior.
日時: 2013年2月16日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 河端瑞貴 氏 (慶応義塾大学)
題目: Access to childcare and the employment of women with preschool-aged children in Tokyo
概要: This paper presents a geographical and empirical study on childcare accessibility and the importance of access to childcare in attaining preferred employment among women with preschool-aged children. The study area is the Tokyo's ward area, which has a large number of children on childcare waiting lists. Visualized accessibility reveals a considerable geographic mismatch between childcare center supply and demand, especially for children aged 2 years or below. Empirical results show that access to childcare is closely associated with a higher probability of attaining preferred employment among women with preschool-aged children. The association is remarkably strong when a woman has a very young child aged 0?2 years and when the childcare center is one that is desired. Adequate childcare provision, particularly for children under age 3, would increase active female participation in the labor market.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 乾 友彦 氏 (日本大学) (報告者変更, 2013/1/24)
題目: Overseas Market Information and Export Decisions of Japanese Firms
概要: This paper examines how firms' decisions to start exporting are affected by the availability of information on export markets. Unlike existing studies which focus on information sharing among firms, we are interested in the information provided by firms' main bank. Specifically, using a unique dataset containing information on both Japanese firms' export activities and their main banks' experience in transacting with other exporting firms, we examine whether main banks act as a conduit of information on export markets. We find that information spillovers through main banks positively affect client firms' decision to start exporting (extensive margin), implying that information on foreign markets provided by banks substantially reduces the fixed entry cost of exporting. Our results highlight that channels of information spillovers other than those examined in the literature so far may be of considerable importance.