日時: 2007年5月12日(土曜日)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 5階 講義室H
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 山鹿久木氏 (筑波大学)
題目: 侵入犯罪と地価・家賃
概要: 住環境などを定量化する方法としてヘドニック・アプローチがある。 本研究ではこの手法を用いて、東京都における侵入犯罪の発生率と 地価や賃料との関係を実証分析する。また犯罪発生率と居住選択の 関係を明らかにし、「安心・安全な暮らし」実現のためにどのような ことができるのかの議論も行う。
16:10-18:00
講演者: 奴田原健悟氏 (東京大学大学院)
題目: Asset Pricing Accounting
概要: What is the source of asset price fluctuation? Does asset price fluctuation affect business cycle? To address these two questions, we construct a dynamic general equilibrium model with assets and time-varying wedges, which resemble productivity, distortionary taxes and government consumption. These wedges are measured so that our model accounts for the observed data perfectly. One of important points is that our model covers a large class of frictional business cycle models. In the present paper, as an example, we focus on Japan during 1980-2003 which experienced large movements of asset prices and business cycles. Measured wedges tell us that (i) the key for asset price fluctuations is frictions which affect asset markets while frictions which affect productivity have little effect on asset prices, and (ii) through spillover effects among wedges, asset price fluctuations affect business cycles. Especially, for the Japanese economy, we find that (i) the boom during the late 1980s might be led by the great reduction of frictions of corporate share market. However, (ii) the slump during the 1990s is not affected by asset market frictions, and the main problem is frictions which affect productivity. We also find that (iii) frictions which affect productivity and consumption-labor choice, might have important roles to account for the declines of asset values after 1991.
日時: 2007年6月23日(土曜日)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 研究会室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 内藤巧氏 (東京工業大学)
題目: Aid, growth, and welfare in an interdependent world economy (with Ryoji Ohdoi)
概要: T.B.A.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 宅間文夫氏 (明海大学)
題目: 密集市街地の外部性と地価
概要: 密集市街地には狭小敷地や狭い道路幅員等に起因した外部性があり，多くの既存研究では， 都市計画的アプローチで解決するための施策が議論されている．しかし，その外部性の問 題が改善されることで獲得できる便益がどの程度なのか、また施策の費用便益分析等は議 論されていない．本研究は外部性が地価に与えている影響を定量的に明らかにすることを 目的とし，実証分析から，密集市街地の地価は密集市街地でない市街地の地価と比べて， ２～３％程度下落している結果が得られた．
日時: 2007年7月21日(土曜日)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 研究会室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 堀井亮氏 (東北大学)
題目: A non-exponential theory of sustained growth
概要: This paper develops a theory of sustained growth that does not depend on the exponential growth of any variable. Existing theories of endogenous growth explain long-term growth in terms of either the exponential growth of physical output, improvements of quality of goods in an exponential rate, or the exponential growth in the variety of goods. However, to obtain those results, those theories typically need to assume some knife-edge properties on the form of positive spillover effects. Using a variety expansion model, this paper shows that those assumptions can be relaxed once we allow price/productivity heterogeneity among goods and variable elasticity of utility function on each goods. In this setting, we derive an asymptotically steady-state equilibrium in which the rate of GDP growth and the number of new goods introduced per unit time, instead of the growth rate of the number of goods, are asymptotically constant.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 暮石渉氏 (大阪大学)
題目: Why do First-born Children Live with Parents?--- Geography of the Family in Japan ---
概要: In this paper, we analyze the strategic interaction between siblings who choose their residential locations in order to receive childcare assistance from their parents. Our three-stage game yields a theoretical result that a first-born child lives closer to his/her parents than a second-born child, which is supported by our estimation results using Japanese micro data. We also show that the childcare assistance from parents is one of the main determinants of the residential location choice of siblings. This paper is the first to succeed in explaining the residential location choice of siblings in Japan using economic incentives.
日時: 2007年9月4日(火曜日)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 研究会室B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 日引聡氏 (国立環境研究所)
題目: ごみ処理手数料の有料化はごみ排出量削減に有効か？
概要: 循環型社会システム構築のために、ごみ排出量の削減、リサイクル、再利用の促 進が重要な政策課題となっている。近年各自治体においてごみ有料化制度の導入 が急速に進んでいるが、導入後５年で一割以上の削減を実現した自治体もある一 方で、導入数年後にごみの排出量が導入前の水準にまで戻ってしまった自治体も あり、有料化に対する自治体の効果の評価にはばらつきがある。また、国内外で 有料制のごみ削減効果に関する研究が多く見られるが、その削減効果の有効性に 関して結論が分かれる。 本研究は、東京都と千葉県の市を対象に実施したごみ排出に関する家計調査に よって得たデータを利用して、家計のごみ排出関数(使用したごみ袋の数で測っ たごみ量)を推計し、ごみ処理手数料有料制の有効性について分析した。分析に よって得られた主要な結論は以下のとおりである。 ① サンプルの平均まわりでの値として、ごみ排出の価格弾力性は、サンプル平均 で-0.208であり、自治体レベルのデータを使った国内の先行研究と比較すると、 2.5～3倍程度大きなものなっている。 ② 本分析と国内先行研究との弾力性の差は、Fullerton and Kinnaman(1996)で明 らかにしているように、指定袋制を用いた有料化を実施することによって、１枚 の袋にごみをできるだけ詰め込むという行動が行われている可能性がある。 ごみ排出の価格弾力性は、ごみの収集頻度や収集形態、また、一緒に行われてい る資源ごみ政策などにより、変化することが明らかになった。その結果、①分別 リサイクルを促す仕組みの充実していること、②小さいサイズの袋が利用可能で あること、価格弾力性を引き上げる効果があることがわかった。
16:10-18:00
講演者: 山本和博氏 (大阪大学)
題目:Trade impacts on skill formation: Welfare improvements accompanied by increases in inequality
概要:This paper focuses on the skill formation when the trade impacts on labor markets. Although workers are identical as unskilled labor, they differ in their productivity as skilled. Workers become skilled by incurring the training costs. Introducing the above settings into a trade model with monopolistic competition, we show that trade opening enhances skill formation. This is because trade enriches the variety of differentiated goods and increases the utility of a worker for a given income. This effect is stronger for skilled workers than for unskilled workers, although it makes all agents better off, leading to higher skill formation. However, it may be accompanied by increases in real wage disparity between skilled and unskilled workers as well as in skilled wage inequality. Finally, we examine the possible effects of foreign direct investment on the labor market structure as well.
日時: 2007年10月27日(土曜日)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 研究会室B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 中嶋 亮氏 (筑波大学)
題目: Dynamics of R&D collaboration in IT industry
概要: In this paper, we provide an empirical analysis of evolving networks of successful R&D collaborations in the IT industry in the U.S. between 1985 and 1995. We first show that the network has become more extensive, more clustered, and more unequal in the sense that 'stars' have emerged in the network. We then run regressions in which we control for firm similarity, including unobserved similarities inferred from the community structure of the network. The results indicate a significant cyclic closure effect and a preferential attachment effect.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 鈴木彩子氏 (大阪大学)
題目: Assessing the effect of the yardstick inspection system in Japanese gas industry
概要: This study examines the effect of the yardstick inspection system in Japanese gas industry on reducing information disadvantage of the regulator. The Japanese government regulates the price of city gas supplies by combining an (ex-ante) yardstick inspection and a fixed-price contract. Theoretically, the current regulation may bring the society to the first best outcome because the yardstick gives firms an incentive to report the true cost and the fixed price contract gives firms an incentive to exert the best efforts. It is known, however, that a yardstick hardly works perfectly and the purpose of the study is to measure its effect.
Taking the current regulation as given, we estimate the cost function of the gas suppliers under the assumption of asymmetric information between the regulator and the regulated firms. Although we do not observe the ex-ante behavior of the firms, the estimation does not require the ex-ante data but the ex-post data. Unobservable such as effort and inefficiency levels are recovered. Using the recovered parameters, we calculate the welfare levels under the current, the first best, and the second best regulations. The welfare difference between the current and the first best regulations implies the extent of distortion from the adverse selection problem. We examine whether the introduction of the yardstick significantly reduced such a distortion. The result suggests that the Japanese yardstick did not improve the information disadvantage of the regulator, but rather worsened it.