2010年度
日時: 2010年7月3日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 土居直史 氏 (東京大学)
題目: 空港利用におけるネットワーク効果
概要: 本論文は、空港利用におけるネットワーク効果を実証的に考察する。 空港利用におけるネットワーク効果として、以下の2 種が考えられる。 (a) 空港利用者増加により、混雑の不快さが増す効果（負の「直接ネッ トワーク効果」）。(b) 空港利用者増加により、ターミナルの店舗の 充実といった周辺サービスが充実する効果（正の「間接ネットワーク 効果」）。日本の航空旅客市場のデータを用いて、これらの効果の存 在と、その重要性を検証する。第1 に、ネットワーク効果の存在の検 証として、路線別旅客数を、その路線の発着空港利用者数に回帰する 誘導形推定を実施する。第2 に、離散選択モデルを利用して、航空需 要構造の推定を試みる。それによって、価格やフライト数と比較した ネットワーク効果の重要性を議論すると同時に、ネットワーク効果を 見過ごすことによる需要構造パラメーター（特に価格の係数）の推定 値の偏りを調べる。これらの分析の結果、(a) と(b) を合わせた総計 で、有意に正のネットワーク効果が確認された。また、需要モデルの 推定においてネットワーク効果を考慮しない場合、考慮する場合に比 べて、旅客の運賃への反応を30% ほど過大に推計した。
16:10-18:00
講演者: 清田耕造 氏 (横浜国立大学)
題目: 地域間の生産パターンの違いと賃金格差：ヘクシャー＝オリーン・モデルによる分析
概要: The breakdown of single factor price equalization, or single-cone world, is one of the central concerns in the various fields of economics. This paper examines the empirical validities of the following two claims: 1) The multiple-cone Heckscher--Ohlin (HO) model fits better than the single-cone HO model; 2) The increases in the number of cones improve the fit of the model. One of the contributions of this paper is that it focuses simultaneously on both production patterns and wage disparities across economies. Empirical results support the first claim but does not support the second claim. This paper also finds that to go beyond a two-factor as well as single-cone model may be a promising avenue for further testing of the HO model.
日時: 2010年9月11日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 中島賢太郎 氏 (一橋大学)
題目: Measuring Economic Localization: Evidence from Japanese Firm-level Data
概要: This paper examines the extent of localization in Japan's manufacturing sector using a unique firm-level dataset on the geographic location of firms. Following the point-pattern approach proposed by Duranton and Overman (2005), we find the following. First, about half of Japan's manufacturing industries can be classified as localized and the number of localized industries is largest for a distance level of 40 km or less. Second, several industries in the textile mill products sector are among the most localized, which is similar to findings for the UK, suggesting that there exist common factors across countries determining the concentration of industrial activities. Third, the distribution of distances between entrant (exiting) firms and remaining firms is, in most industries, not significantly different from a random distribution. The results by Durantan and Overman (2008) for the UK and our results for Japan suggest that most industries neither become more localized nor more dispersed over time.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 佐藤泰裕 氏 (大阪大学)
題目: Who gains from capital market integration: Tax competition between unionized and non-unionized countries (with H. Ogawa and T. Tamai)
概要: The welfare effects of capital market integration are examined under a model of tax competition with two asymmetric countries. The asymmetry is expressed through the labor market: one country has a perfect labor market whereas the other country is unionized. Our results show that the welfare effects of capital market integration are different depending on whether governments play an active role in attracting capital: in the absence of active governments, the capital market integration benefits the country with a competitive labor market and harms the unionized country. If the governments are active and compete for mobile capital using tax/subsidy, the market integration benefits both countries. The government's incentive to participate in a tax/subsidy game is also examined in the integrated capital market. We find that the unionized country always prefers to participate in the tax/subsidy game, but the non-unionized country avoids the game if it is a capital importer.
日時: 2010年10月30日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4A
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 西脇雅人 氏 (GRIPS)
題目: Horizontal Mergers and Divestment Dynamics in a Sunset Industry
概要: In an oligopolistic industry, the presence of a business-stealing effect makes the amount of capital excessive. Similarly, in a sunset industry with declining demand, the excess capital cannot be dissolved because everyone intends to free-ride on the reduction of industry supply expected from someone else's divestment. This paper highlights the potential of mergers for internalizing the business-stealing effect and thereby promoting divestment, and examines whether the merger-induced divestment could improve total welfare using the case of cement mergers in Japan. A dynamic model of distribution facility divestment based on the Markov-perfect equilibrium framework of Ericson and Pakes (1995) is estimated using recently developed econometric methods. Then, a counterfactual experiment is conducted to quantify the welfare impact of mergers and to show that merged firms in fact divested their distribution facilities more and contributed to the improvement of the total welfare despite the reduced consumers' surplus.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 猪野弘明 氏 (関西学院大学)
題目: Fee Versus Royalties in General Cost functions
概要: Which is better off for the patentee to license its technology by fixed fee or unit royalties? Kamien and Tauman (1986) shows that the fixed fee scheme brings greater private value of the patent in the linear model. We extend their analysis into the general model. Then, the simple fact that the model allows a increasing marginal cost supports the unit royalties scheme. More concretely, the unit royalties scheme is superior to the fixed fee scheme when the number of firms is large.
日時: 2010年11月27日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 桃田朗 氏 (筑波大学)
題目: Timing of Childbirth, Capital Accumulation, and Economic Welfare
概要: This paper explores the effect of the timing of childbirth on capital accumulation and steady-state welfare in a tractable way. We show that postponed childbearing not only affects the population growth rate, but also causes fluctuations in the ratio of young to middle-aged workers. The variation in the age distribution of workers causes fluctuations in the capital-labor ratio, and has a negative impact on agents' welfare when the production function is concave.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 山鹿久木 氏 (関西学院大学)
題目: 東京都における地域危険度ランキングの変化が地価の相対水準に及ぼす非対称的な影響について：市場データによるプロスペクト理論の検証
概要: 本実証研究では、東京都において2000年代の都市再開発が進行した結果、地 域危険度に直接影響を与える周辺環境が著しく改善して、地域別の地域危険度ランキン グが大きく入れ替わったことを活用して、地域危険度ランキングの変化が地価の相対水 準（各時点の平均地価からの乖離率）に及ぼす効果について計測している。主要な結論 としては、（1）相対的に安全な地域では、地域危険度ランキングが低下して相対地価 が上昇する変化率の方が、地域危険度ランキングが上昇して相対地価が下落する変化 率よりも大きい、（2）相対的に危険な地域では、地域危険度ランキングが上昇して相 対地価が大きく下落する一方、地域危険度ランキングの低下については相対地価がほ とんど上昇しない。本稿では、地域危険度ランキングの変化が相対地価に及ぼす非対称 的な影響について、プロスペクト理論に沿って、前者の結果をゼロリスク指向として、 後者の結果を現状維持バイアスとして解釈するとともに、その政策インプリケーション を考察している。
日時: 2011年1月29日(土)
場所: 政策研究大学院大学 4階 会議室4B
地図: http://www.grips.ac.jp/jp/docs/map.pdf
14:00-15:50
講演者: 武智一貴 氏 (法政大学)
題目: Exaggerated Death of Distance: Revisiting Distance Effects on Regional Price Dispersions (with Kano and Kano)
概要: Past studies in the literature of the law of one price (LOP) show statistically significant but economically subtle roles of geographical distance in regional price dispersions. In this paper, we challenge this empirical "death of distance" as a primary source of LOP violations investigating a unique daily data set of wholesale prices of agricultural products in Japan that enables us to identify source regions and observe product-delivery patterns to consuming regions. We build a simple structural model to explain the observed product-delivery patterns and argue that ignoring the underlying delivery choice results in a serious under-bias toward inferences on distance effects on regional price dispersions due to sample selection. Estimating a sample-selection model, on which theoretical restrictions of our structural model are imposed, with data of several agricultural products, we find quite large estimates of the distance elasticity of price differential compared with conventional estimates. This paper, hence, provides evidence that conventional estimates of the distance elasticity could be heavily biased downwards and spuriously underestimate the role transportation costs play in regional price dispersions and LOP violations.
16:10-18:00
講演者: 池内健太 氏 (一橋大学)
題目: The Effects of Transportation Costs on Productivity and Industrial Location: an Empirical Study of Japanese Manufacturing Industries
概要: In this paper, the effects of transportation costs on agglomeration economy and dynamics of industrial location are examined empirically. Combining a spatial demand function derived in the theoretical New Economic Geography (NEG) literature, Krugman (1980), Fujita, Krugman and Venables (1999) and others, with a production function, I propose a revenue production function, which captures the effects of transportation costs on firm's revenue. The suggested revenue production function makes it possible to relate the geographic agglomeration economy with the transportation costs, something not done in previous empirical studies. Two empirical examination of the model with regional panel data of manufacturing sector in Japan are performed. First, I estimate the revenue production function including parameters for transportation costs of each industry. The results show significantly positive transportation costs of the manufacturing products but the transportation costs of the outputs of the primary sector and service sector are not significantly positive. Second, using the first stage results, I estimate the dynamic determinants of industrial location. The results show regional net entry in Japan had been mainly determined by the costs of intermediate inputs (price index) rather than the demand condition and the costs of labor inputs (wage rates).