Introduction

How to express evolution of complex phenotypes

Most phenotypes are regulated by many genes. Therefore, we may not understand the mechanism of evolution from changes of frequencies of one or a few genes fully. Then, we should take away details on expression gene frequency and consider trait evolution itself.

Reference

• Abrams, P. A. (2001). Modelling the adaptive dynamics of traits involved in inter-and intraspecific interactions: an assessment of three methods. Ecology Letters, 4(2), 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00199.x

• Waxman, D., & Gavrilets, S. (2005). 20 questions on adaptive dynamics. Journal of evolutionary biology, 18(5), 1139-1154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00948.x

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