• Evolution driven by species interaction

1. Competition

2. Predator & prey

3. Mutualism & parasitism

3. Mutualism & parasitism

• Red queen hypothesis

< Reference >

WIkipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Queen_hypothesis

• • Prasitism: Black queen hypothesis (High fitness due to reduced a necessary function by depending on other species in microbiral communities)

  • Mutualism: Red king hypothesis (Slow evolution has advantage)