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THEMATIC FOCUS
THEMATIC FOCUS
Humans and the Environments
Humans and the Environments
The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-5.4.I Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.
KC-5.4.I.B Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Return of migrants:
§ Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
§ Lebanese merchants in the Americas
§ Italian industrial workers in Argentina
Economics Systems
Economics Systems
As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
KC-5.4.II.A Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work.
KC-5.4.II.B The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Migrants:
§ Irish to the United States
§ British engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa
Return of migrants
Return of migrants
The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies
§ Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
§ Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
After the Meiji restoration in Japan, a large contingent of Japanese laborers migrated to Hawai`i to work on sugar plantations
a smaller group went to work in guano mines in Peru.
§ Lebanese merchants in the Americas
§ Lebanese merchants in the Americas
Civil wars (1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman Syria), Ottoman conscription, population boom (quadrupled between 1830 and 1850, and then doubled between 1865 and 1920), and lack of economic opportunities for the educated population initiated the first wave of migration
Brazil
the abolition of slavery allowed Lebanese to find work
under-populated South American continent offered opportunities for both skilled and unskilled migrants
rubber boom in Brazil also attracted migrants in the 1890s
Migrants could easily go back and forth on steam ships, carrying home success stories from the Americas and attracting more young, and ambitious but unskilled men seeking wealth and prosperity in Brazil
estimated 330,000 Lebanese migrants (Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine) left for the Americas between 1870-1930.
Brazil today has at least 6-million Brazilians of Lebanese ancestry, making Brazil's population of Lebanese more than twice that of the entire population of Lebanon.
Assimilation:
Unlike Japanese or Chinese immigrants, Arabs were able to fit in better to Brazilian society, by virtue their physical appearance, which more closely resembled notions of “white” Europeans.
Arab immigrants employed several methods of integrating into Brazilian society, including changing their names to sound more Portuguese.
Arabic-language newspapers at once reinforced premigratory culture and caused Arabs to acculturate.
§ Italian industrial workers in Argentina
§ Italian industrial workers in Argentina
European immigration to Latin America also increased dramatically after 1880
Combined immigration to Argentina and Brazil rose from just under 130,000 in the 1860s to 1.7 million in the 1890s
By 1910, 30 percent of the Argentine population was foreign-born, more than twice the proportion in the U.S. population.
Argentina was an extremely attractive destination for European immigrants, receiving more than twice as many immigrants as Canada between 1870 and 1930
Italian Influence in Argentina
Argentine tango, based on African-Argentine rhythms, was transformed by new instrumentation and orchestral arrangements brought by Italian immigrants.
Italian language strongly influenced Argentine Spanish
Reaction:
In Argentina, social scientists attempted to prove that Italian immigrants were more violent and less honest than the native-born population
Immigrants from Spain were widely stereotyped in Argentina as miserly and dishonest.
Migrants and Labor Migration
Migrants and Labor Migration
Migrants:
Migrants:
§ Irish to the United States
§ Irish to the United States
In 1847–1848 the potato crop failed in Ireland.
One-quarter of the Irish population died in the resulting famine, and another quarter emigrated to England and North America
sought labor opportunities in canal building, timber industry, railroad construction, etc.
§ British engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa
§ British engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa
Most European migrants traveled as free agents, but some went as indentured laborers.
worked as skilled laborers in mines or fledgling industries
infrastructure boom (railroads and telegraph)
transportation work for steamship industries (interior rivers and international transportation)
Kimberley diamond fields of South Africa
Transvaal and Orange Free State gold fields in South Africa
Coerced and Semicoerced Labor Migration
Coerced and Semicoerced Labor Migration
As the institution of slavery went into decline, planters sought large numbers of laborers to replace slaves who left the plantations. The planters relied primarily on indentured laborers recruited from relatively poor and densely populated lands
Between 1820 and 1914 about 2.5 million indentured laborers left their homes to work in distant parts of the world.
Labor recruiters generally offered workers free passage to their destinations and provided them with food, shelter, clothing, and modest compensation for their services in exchange for a commitment to work for five to seven years.
Sometimes recruiters also offered free return passage to workers who completed a second term of service
§ Indian indentured servitude
§ Indian indentured servitude
The majority of the indentured laborers came from India, but sizable numbers also came from China, Japan, Java, Africa, and the Pacific islands.
The indentured labor trade began in the 1820s when French and British colonial officials sent Indian migrants to work on sugar plantations in the Indian Ocean islands of Réunion and Mauritius.
large numbers of Indian laborers later went to work on rubber plantations in Malaya and sugar plantations in south Africa, the Pacific island of Fiji, the Guianas, and the Caribbean islands of Trinidad, Tobago, and Jamaica
more than a half-million Indian immigrants went to the Caribbean region
British Guiana alone received 238,000 indentured laborers from the Asian subcontinent.
Kangani-labor migration system, that places migrants under a debt obligation
29 million total from South Asia
8-million to Malay (Palm Oil)
8-million to Ceylon (Tea and Quinine)
15-million to Burma
1-million to Africa
§ Chinese indentured servitude
§ Chinese indentured servitude
After the Opium War, European and American recruiters began to seek workers in China
Large numbers of Chinese laborers went to sugar plantations in Cuba and Hawai`i, guano mines in Peru, tin mines in Malaya, gold mines in south Africa and Australia, and railroad construction sites in the United States, Canada, and Peru
Between 1849 and 1875 approximately 100,000 Chinese immigrants arrived in Peru
Between 1849 and 1875 approximately 120,000 Chinese immigrants entered Cuba
Canada attracted about 50,000 Chinese in the second half of the century
The United States was the primary North American destination for Chinese immigrants, receiving 300,000 between 1854 and 1882
2-3 Million Chinese to French IndoChina
1-Million (and 3-Million from Singapore) to Dutch Indies
Rubber Tree plantations
Cinchona tree plantations
1850’s-Dutch planted Cinchona seeds in Java and the British in Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
§ convict labor
§ convict labor
Britain transported convicts to penal colonies such as Australia
become common in the southern United States following the Civil War
used to harvest timber, dig canals, infrastructure projects, etc.
Class Activity -- Push or Pull Factors
Class Activity -- Push or Pull Factors
Activity:
When looking at non-coerced Immigration, historians often examine push and pull factors that provide the motivation for peoples to migrate.
Push Factors include: violence, gender inequality, political corruption, environmental degradation, famine, genocide, discrimination and climate change, as well as lack of access to adequate health care and education.
Pull Factors include: more economic and work opportunities, the possibility of being reunited with family members, and a better quality of life, including access to adequate education and health care
Step 1: Identify whether push or pull factors were the primary reason for the following:
1.) Italians to Argentina
2.) Japanese to Hawaii
3.) Chinese to the United States
4.) Irish to the United States
5.) British to Australia
6.) Chinese and Indian to British colonies (Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Africa, etc)
7.) Lebanese to Brazil
Step 2: Identify whether the following documents is describing a push or pull factor for migration and explain your response:
Document 1
“When I was ten years old, I worked on my father’s farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father’s farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards.
The man’s wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains.
When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country.”
Source: Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s
Document 2
It was estimated that during the continuance of the famine, from nine to thirteen millions of human beings must have perished from hunger, disease, or violence. In the parts severely affected it was reported that about seven-tenths of the inhabitants had disappeared. A vast number of these migrated; but of the few that managed to reach a haven of safety, hardly any can have returned to their desolate homes.
Source: Famine conditions were reported in Peking United International Famine Reflief Committee, The North China Famine of 1920-1921
DEBRIEF AND SUMMARY
DEBRIEF AND SUMMARY
Key Takeaways
A.) The abolition of slavery in the 1800s resulted in a growth of migration from south and east Asia to colonies where plantations produced raw materials and cash crops
B.) Push and Pull factors influenced migration patterns
Unit 6.6 - Causes of Migration in an Interconnected WorldUnit 6.6 - Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World
Unit 6.6 - Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World
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