The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

KC-5.1.I.A - A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution, including:

§ Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals

§ Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber

§ Urbanization

§ Improved agricultural productivity

§ Legal Protection of Private Property

§ Access to foreign resources

§ Accumulation of capital

KC-5.1.I.C The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.

The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain because of a unique set of circumstances, including:

• Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals

• Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber

• Improved agricultural productivity

  • • new crop rotation techniques to increase fertility of land and increase yields

    • seed drill (1701)

    • Enclosure Movement

    • Land Reclamation

    • Selective Breeding

• Urbanization

  • • factory system concentrated production in a single location

    • led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor

• Legal Protection of Private Property

  • • Enclosure Movement

    • Innovation and inventions

      • • Steam Engine = first designed by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, but the Boulton and Watt steam engine introduced in 1776 made it efficient

        • Flying Shuttle (1773) = faster weaving

        • Spinning Jenny (1764) = faster spinning

        • Spinning frame (1767) = stronger thread (required power source)

        • Water Frame (1769) = water powered spinning frame

        • Spinning Mule (1779)

        • Power Loom (1784)

        • Cotton Gin (1794) = separated seeds from cotton fiber

• Access to foreign resources

  • • Raw Materials

    • Markets to sell textiles

• Accumulation of capital

  • • British East India Company established in 1600 was the first on many joint-stock companies.

2. The Industrial Revolution spread from Britain to the rest of Europe and the United States. Later, it spread to places like Japan, Russia.

• As it spread, the global share of manufacturing shifted.

• 1810s--United States

• 1825--Belgium

• 1830s--France

• 1840s--Germany

• 1870s--Japan

• 1890s--Russia

3. The Industrial Revolution depends on new technologies, especially the steam engine, which uses coal, a new source of energy.

• Internal Combustion Engine would result in oil becoming an important energy source

4. Governments used a variety of strategies, from business-friendly policies and little regulation all the way to direct control, in order to facilitate the Industrial process.

Use the images below to develop claims about how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Key Takeaways

A.) The Industrial Revolution started in Britain organically (without government initiated reforms) because of a unique set of circumstances

• Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals

• Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber

• Urbanization

• Improved agricultural productivity

• Legal protection of private property

• Access to foreign resources

• Accumulation of capital

• The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.

B.) Attempt to draw connections between the Industrial Revolution and:

• Scientific Revolution

• colonization

• Joint-Stock Companies

• Atlantic Revolutions

C.) Some later states that adopted innovations of the Industrial Revolution would do so with varying levels of government intervention

• Russia -- strong promotion of foreign capital

• Japan -- Meiji would force reforms and adoption of European and American practices in all aspects of society