1. **Original meaning of "syntax" in Greek**: The word "syntax" comes from the Greek word *syntaxis*, which means "arrangement" or "ordering together." It literally refers to the orderly arrangement of words.
2. **What's wrong with the rule "A prepositional phrase rewrites as a preposition followed by a noun"?**
The rule is incomplete because a prepositional phrase typically consists of a preposition followed by a **noun phrase** (not just a noun). The noun phrase may include modifiers, determiners, or other elements beyond a single noun. For example, in "in the park," "the park" is a noun phrase, not just a noun.
3. **Structural Ambiguity:**
- (a) **These are designed for small boys and girls**: Ambiguous because it can mean either "small boys and small girls" or "small boys and (boys and) girls of all sizes."
- (b) **The parents of the bride and groom were waiting outside**: Ambiguous as it can mean "the parents of both the bride and the groom" or "the parents of the bride and the groom (who could be a separate set of parents)."
- (c) **How come a bed has four legs, but only one foot?**: Not structurally ambiguous.
- (d) **We met an English history teacher**: Ambiguous as it could mean "a teacher of English history" or "an English teacher who teaches history."
- (e) **Flying planes can be dangerous**: Ambiguous because it can mean "the act of flying planes is dangerous" or "planes that are flying can be dangerous."
- (f) **The students complained to everyone that they couldn’t understand**: Ambiguous because "they" could refer either to the students themselves or to the people they were complaining about.
4. **Part of speech of "lovely" in the sentence "We saw a lovely rainbow yesterday"**:
In this sentence, "lovely" is an **adjective** because it describes the noun "rainbow."
5. **Noun Phrases in the sentence "George saw a small dog in the park near the fountain and it followed him when he left the park"**:
- **George**
- **a small dog**
- **the park**
- **the fountain**
- **it**
- **him**
- **the park** (appears twice in the sentence)
Total: 7 noun phrases.
6. **VP in the sentence "None of the people in the building supported the proposed rent increase"**:
The verb phrase (VP) is **"supported the proposed rent increase."**
7. **Expressions generated by NP → {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}:**
- (a) **a lady**: Yes (Art + N)
- (b) **the little girl**: Yes (Art + Adj + N)
- (c) **her**: Yes (Pro)
- (d) **Annie**: Yes (PN)
- (e) **the widow**: Yes (Art + N)
- (f) **she’s an old woman**: No (It includes a contraction and a verb, which is not allowed by the rule)
8. **Type of generative rule "N → {girl, dog, boy}"**:
This is a **lexical insertion rule**, which specifies which words (or lexical items) can be used for the category "N" (noun).
9. **Do phrase structure rules represent deep structure or surface structure?**
Phrase structure rules represent **deep structure**, as they describe the underlying syntactic organization of sentences before transformations (such as moving elements) occur.