second language (L2) learning: the process of developing ability in another language, after L1 acquisition
FL: learning a language that is not generally spoken in the surrounding community
SL: learning a language that is spoken in the surrounding community)
-> the main different
Ex:
acquisition: the gradual development of ability in a first or second language by using it naturally in communicative situations
learning: the conscious process of accumulating knowledge, in contrast to acquisition
=> Acquisition is more natural language development, while learning is conscious knowledge accumulation.
FL - foreign language : learning a language that is not generally spoken in the surrounding community
SL - second language : learning a language that is spoken in the surrounding community
-> the main difference between FL and SL is the context in which the language is learned
~ A foreign language is learned in a non-native environment, while a second language is learned in a native environment. e environment
Acquisition Barriers
Time
Focus
Incentive
The age factor: after the critical period for language acquisition has passed, around the time of puberty, it becomes very difficult to acquire another language fully
=> After the time of puberty
affective factors: emotional reactions such as self-consciousness or negative feelings that may influence learning
self-confidence
low anxiety
a positive self-image
=> Opposite: stressed, uncomfortable, self-conscious or unmotivated,