1/
An eponym becomes a neologism when a person's name (or something named after a person) is newly coined or recently adopted as a term in the language.
2/
The word "modem" is created through blending. It combines two words, "modulator" and "demodulator," into one, keeping parts of both original words.
3/
The two processes involved in the creation of the verb "google" are:
Conversion (also known as functional shift), where the noun "Google" (the search engine) becomes a verb.
Brand name adoption, where a brand name becomes generalized as a verb for searching the internet.
4/
The process involved in the creation of the term "selfie" is affixation, where the suffix -ie is added to "self" to create a new, more colloquial word for self-photograph.
5/
This process is called analogical formation (or analogy).
New words are formed by mimicking the structure of existing words, often because of a perceived similarity in meaning or form.
6/
(a) footobooru (Japanese) – football (English)
This is an example of loanword borrowing, not a calque. The English word "football" has been borrowed by Japanese and adapted to their phonological system as "footobooru." The structure is not translated; the sound is imported and adapted.
(b) tréning (Hungarian) – training (English)
This is also an example of loanword borrowing. The word "training" has been directly borrowed from English into Hungarian with a slight modification to fit the local spelling system.
(c) luna de miel (Spanish “moon of honey”) – honeymoon (English)
This is an example of a calque (loan translation). The English phrase "honeymoon" has been translated into Spanish word-for-word as "luna de miel" ("luna" = moon, "miel" = honey). The meaning is the same, but the words are fully translated.
(d) jardin d’enfants (French “garden of children”) – Kindergarten (German “children garden”)
This is another example of a calque. The German word "Kindergarten" ("children garden") has been translated directly into French as "jardin d’enfants" ("garden of children"), preserving the same structure and meaning.
7/
Acronym: (a) AIDS
Infixation: (b) fandamntastic
Compounding: (c) kickass, (e) babysitting
Clipping: (d) doc, vet; (f) comfy; (g) brekky
Backformation: (e) burgled
Affixation: (f) comfy, (g) toastie, brekky
Eponym: (h) velcro
8/
misfortune
Prefix: mis- (meaning "wrong" or "bad")
Suffix: None
terrorism
Prefix: None
Suffix: -ism (denoting a belief, practice, or system)
carelessness
Prefix: None
Suffix: -less (meaning "without") and -ness (denoting a state or quality)
disagreement
Prefix: dis- (meaning "not" or "opposite of")
Suffix: -ment (denoting an action, result, or state)
ineffective
Prefix: in- (meaning "not")
Suffix: -ive (indicating an adjective, meaning "having the quality of")
unfaithful
Prefix: un- (meaning "not")
Suffix: -ful (meaning "full of" or "having the quality of")
prepackaged
Prefix: pre- (meaning "before")
Suffix: -ed (indicating the past participle or adjective form)
biodegradable
Prefix: bio- (meaning "life")
Suffix: -able (meaning "capable of" or "able to")
reincarnation
Prefix: re- (meaning "again")
Suffix: -ation (denoting a process or action)
decentralization
Prefix: de- (meaning "reverse" or "reduce")
Suffix: -ation (denoting a process or action)
9/
The word "kap" means “to grasp with tongs.” In this case, the noun "tongs" could be formed by taking the verb and adding a nominalizing affix or using a shortened version. Therefore, the word for "tongs" could be "kap" itself, or a derived form based on the language's structure.
The word "tiap" means “to fold a small package.” Similarly, the noun for "a small package" would likely be derived from the verb "tiap." The noun could be "tiap" or a related form that refers to the object rather than the action.
10/
Conversion: (a) FedEx, (c) hoover, (d) temp, (e) blogging, (f) decaf
Eponym/Brand Name Adoption: (a) FedEx, (c) hoover
Compounding: (b) carjacking
Clipping: (d) temp, (f) decaf
Affixation: (b) carjackings, (e) blogging