1. **Deictic expressions**:
- (a) *We* = person deixis; *there* = spatial deixis; *last summer* = temporal deixis
- (b) *I* = person deixis; *now* = temporal deixis; *you* = person deixis; *here* = spatial deixis; *later* = temporal deixis
2. **Pragmatic difference** between *here and now* vs. *there and then*:
- *Here and now* refer to the speaker's present location and time, emphasizing immediacy or proximity.
- *There and then* refer to a different or distant location and time, implying separation from the speaker's present context.
3. **Inference**:
- (a) The inference is that "Shakespeare" refers to a book by Shakespeare (likely a specific copy owned by the teacher).
- (b) The ham sandwich refers to a customer who ordered a ham sandwich.
- (c) The hernia refers to a patient with a hernia in room 5.
- (d) The eleven-thirty refers to a scheduled appointment (likely a patient) that was canceled.
4. **Anaphoric expressions**:
- *He* refers to Andy.
- *Her* refers to Dr. Foster.
- *His* refers to Andy's headaches.
- *She* refers to Dr. Foster.
- *Him* refers to Andy.
- *The pills* refers to the medicine.
- *The pain* refers to Andy's headaches.
5. **Technical term** for the relationship between *an old car* and *it*:
- **Anaphora** (the pronoun *it* refers back to the noun phrase *an old car*).
6. **Presuppositions**:
- (a) The clock is expected to work normally, and the speaker presupposes that the clock belongs to the listener.
- (b) The presupposition is that "he" has found some money.
- (c) The speaker presupposes they bought the car.
- (d) The presupposition is that there is a king of France (though this is factually inaccurate today).
7. **Pragmatic markers**:
- **I mean**, **you know**, **well**, **I think**—these are pragmatic markers that help manage the flow of conversation and reflect the speaker's stance or uncertainty.
8. **Face**:
- (a) Positive face appeal: The speaker is inviting the listener in a way that seems to offer inclusion (conditional, non-imposing).
- (b) Positive face appeal: The speaker is emphasizing group inclusion and mutual enjoyment (direct, inclusive).
9. **Direct or indirect speech acts**:
- (a) Direct speech act: *Move!* (an imperative command)
- (b) Indirect speech act: *You’re in the way* (a statement implying a request)
- (c) Indirect speech act: *Could you please sit down?* (a polite request)
- (d) Direct speech act: *Please get out of the way* (an imperative with politeness)
10. **Speech act explanation**:
The interaction is unusual because the resident answers the question literally (indicating they know where the hotel is) but fails to fulfill the expected cooperative function of giving directions or offering help. This disrupts the typical conversational exchange and violates Grice's maxim of relevance, as the response is technically correct but pragmatically unhelpful.