Borrowing: a word, a phrase or an idea that somebody has taken from another person’s work or from another language and used in their own. (the process of taking words from other languages)
English Language Borrowing:
• Common source of new English words.
• Involves taking over words from other languages.
• English doesn't return borrowed words.
• Adopted a vast number of words throughout history.
Examples: dope (Dutch), tycoon (Japanese), yogurt (Turkish)
Sometimes a new sound comes along along with new words. The voiced fricative /ʒ/ was introduced into English through borrowed French words like measure and rouge.
Loan-translation: a borrowing process where the elements of a word are directly translated into the borrowing language, also called calque.
Examples: The French term gratte-ciel, Dutch word wolkenkrabber, and German word
Wolkenkratzer.