Ancient Greek Chronological table (1299-1200 BC)

1299 BC | Pelops held the games at Olympia. [Paus.5.8.2]

1299 BC | Picus, son of Saturnus, migrated from Testruna to the south of Rome and founded Laurentum. [Euseb.Chron.283]

1299 BC | Phylomache, daughter of Amphion, son of Iasius, married Pelias, son of Cretheus, who lived in Iolcus, from Orchomenus. [Apo.1.9.10]

1298 BC | Bias, son of Amythaon, married Lysippe, daughter of Megapenthes. [Apo.2.2.2]

** Argeus, son of Megapenthes, fearing Mycenae, likely married his sister to the son of Amythaon, who was the leader of Eleia at the time.

1297 BC | Sthenelus, son of Perseus of Mycenae, married Antibia, daughter of Amphidamas. [FGrH.333.68]

1297 BC | Eleius, son of Eurycyda of Elis, married Nausidame, daughter of Amphidamas of Arcadia. [Hyginus.14]

1297 BC | Minos married Pasiphae of Tauric Chersonese. [Apo.1.9.1, Apo.3.1.2, Diod.4.77.1]

1296 BC | Ilus, son of Tros, died and was succeeded by Laomedon (Alaksandu). [Wiki: Inferred from Alaksandu]

** Laomedon likely concluded a treaty with Mursili II (1321-1295 BC) upon his accession to the throne. [wiki: Alaksandu]

1296 BC | Perses' daughter Hecate (or Idyia) was married to Perses' son Aeetes, who lived in the region of Colchis, from Tauric Chersonese. [Diod.4.45.3, Hyginus.25]

** Aeetes was the brother of Hecate's father.

1295 BC | Damasistratus founded Plataea. [Estimated from Apo.3.5.8 and Paus.10.5.4]

** Damasistratus is thought to have been the brother of Chaeresilaus, father of Poemander, founder of Tanagra.

1295 BC | Pandion was driven from Athens by the sons of Metion and went into exile in Megara. [Apo.3.15.5, Paus.1.5.3, Paus.1.39.4]

1295 BC | Scyrius emigrated from the island of Scyros to the island of Salamis to succeed Cychreus. [Estimated from Plut.These.10]

** Scyrius and Cychreus were likely sons of Cecrops, king of Athens. Scyrius' wife was Chariclo, daughter of Cychreus. [Plut.These.10]

1295 BC | Mieza and Beroea were founded in Macedonia. [StephByz.M452.1]

** Mieza and Beroea were the names of the daughters of Beres, son of Macedon, son of Aeolus. [StephByz.M452.1]

1295 BC | Laomedon was banished from Ilium by Phaenodamas (or Hippotes). [Estimated from wiki: Trattato di Alaksandu]

1295 BC | Laomedon <Alaksandu> killed Phaenodamas and became king of Troy. [Antiq.1.52.2, Lycoph.Cassa.1115]

** Phaenodamas' daughters emigrated to Sicily. [Antiq.1.52.2, Lycoph.Cassa.1115]

** Alaksandu was not the legitimate heir. Alaksandu may not have been related to Kukkunni by blood. [wiki: Alaksandu]

** Alaksandu is not necessarily related to Kukkunni by blood. [wiki: Alaksandu]

** Kukkunni is said to be Alaksandu's ancestor, possibly through the female line. [wiki: Kukunni (Ukrainian, Russian)]

** Someone usurped the throne from him, and Alaksandu needed Hittite intervention to remain king. [wiki: Kukunni (Italian)]

** Alaksandu needed Hittite intervention to ascend or remain king. [wiki: Alaksandu (Italian)]

** The legend that Laomedon was the son of Ilus may be fiction. [Diod.4.75.4, Home.20.220]

** Alaksandu made treaties with Mursili II (1321-1295 BC) and Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC). [wiki: Alaksandu]

** The treaty between Alaksandu and Muwatalli II states that Manapa-Kurunta was king of Seha. [wiki: Manapa-Tarhunta]

1295 BC | Minos emigrated from Troid to Crete. [Estimated from Plato.Gor.524a, Plut.Mor.121c, and Suda.mu.1092]

** Minos and Rhadamanthus were born in Asia, not Crete. [Plato.Gor.524a, Plut.Mor.121c, Suda.mu.1092]

** Rhadamanthus is believed to have settled on the island of Chios.

** Minos had contact with Troid and his sons (Ilus and Assaracus). [Suda.mu.1092]

** Minos sided with Assaracus in a battle against Laomedon, but was defeated and is believed to have left the Trood. [Estimated from Suda.mu.1092]

1295 BC | Perseus' son Electryon was driven from Ethiopia and returned to Peloponnesus, where he was entrusted with Midea. [Estimated from Paus.2.25.9]

** At this time, Electryon's son Celaeneus <Piyama-Radu> and several of his brothers likely remained in Asia Minor.

1295 BC | Electryon's son Celaeneus <Piyama-Radu> began a rebellion. [wiki: Piyama-Radu]

** Piyama-Radu's rebellion lasted from Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC) to Tudhaliya IV (1237-09 BC). [wiki: Piyama-Radu]

1295 BC | Piyama-Radu attacked Lazpa (Lesbos), which was under the rule of Seha. [wiki: Manapa-Tarhunta letter]

** Lesbos was colonized by Xanthus, son of Triopas, from Argos in 1560 BC. [Diod.5.81.2]

** 1389 BC | Macareus, son of Aeolus, led a group of immigrants, including Ionians and Pelasgians, to settle on Lesbos. [Diod.5.81.2 - 4]

** During the Trojan War, Helicaon, husband of Laodice, daughter of Priam, lived on Lesbos. [Apo. 3.12.5, Home. Il. 3.121, Paus. 10.26.7]

1295 BC | Picus, son of Saturnus, migrated southeast from Saturnia and founded Laurentum near the coast. [Euseb. 283]

1294 BC | Miletus (Apta), son of Aria, emigrated from Crete to Asia Minor and founded Miletus. [Apo.3.1.2, Paus.7.2.5, Strabo.12.8.5]

** Minos' brother, Sarpedon, also participated in the construction of Miletus from Milatos, Crete. [Strabo.12.8.5]

** At this time, the Carians and Leleges, who had fled to the island, returned to the mainland with the help of Cretans (Miletus, son of Aria). [Strabo.12.8.5]

** The family was called Termilae, after the indigenous people, Solymi. [Herod.1.173]

1294 BC | Amythaon held the Olympic Games. [Paus.5.8.2]

1294 BC | Oedipus was born as the son of Laius and Jocasta. [Diod.4.63.5, Paus.9.5.10]

1293 BC | Ilus, son of Tros, attacked Ethiopia and brought it under Troy's control. [This is presumed to be because the descendants of Laomedon ruled Ethiopia.]

** Ethiopia was given to Adrastus, father of Ilus's wife, Eurydice, and the region came to be called Adrasteia. [Strabo.13.1.13, StephByz.A28.4]

1293 BC | Cercaphus, son of Aeolus, migrated from the Peneus River to Itonus. Cercaphus married Eupolemeia, daughter of the Myrmidon of Phthia. [Apollo. 1.51, Strabo. 9.5.18]

1293 BC | Amythaon's son Bias married Neleus' daughter Pero. [Apo. 1.9.13, Apollo. 1.118]

1293 BC | Perseus' daughter Autochthe married Pelops. [Estimated from TzeAdLyco. 494]

** Autochthe, not Hippodamia, is likely the mother of Atreus and Thyestes.

Amythaon died in 1292 BC.

1292 BC | Melampus and Bias migrated south of Eleia and founded Lepreatic Pylus. [Estimated from Home.Od.15.220 and Strabo.8.6.10]

** Melampus and Bias lived in Pisatis, Triphylia, before migrating to Argos. [Strabo.8.6.10]

** Melampus and Bias migrated from Pylos to Argos. [Herod.9.34]

1291 BC | Aeson married Alcimede, daughter of Phylacus, from Phylace. [Apollo.1.45, Hyginus.14]

1291 BC | Scyrius married Salamis, daughter of Sicyon, from Sicyon. [Apo.3.12.7, Diod.4.72.4, Paus.1.35.2]

** Scyrius and Salamis had a son, Cychreus.

1290 BC | Melampus received one-third of Argos from Anaxagoras, son of Argeus. [Apo. 2.2.2, Diod. 4.68.4, Paus. 2.18.4, Herod. 9.34]

1290 BC | Anaxagoras gave one-third of Argos to Bias. [Paus. 2.18.4]

** Anaxagoras placed Melampus and Bias in Argos to oppose the growing power of Mycenae. [Diod. 4.68.5]

** Melampus and Bias were the husbands of Anaxagoras's aunts, Iphianeira and Lysippe. [Apo.2.2.2, FGrH.333.114, Diod.4.68.5]

** The madness of the woman whom Melampus cured is thought to have been alcoholism [Ovid.Meta.15.307] or constipation [Plin.25.47].

1290 BC | Melaneus of Oechalia in Messenia had a son, Eurytus. [Paus.4.3.10, Hesiod.CW.F79]

1290 BC | Helius, son of Perseus, founded Helos on the coast of Laconia. [Paus.3.20.6, Strabo.8.5.2]

1290 BC | Manapa-Tarhunta letter (CTH 191)

** Letter from Manapa-Tarhunta (King of the Seha River Land) to Hittite King Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC) [wiki: Manapa-Tarhunta letter]

** Piyama-Radu attacked Troy, and Manapa-Tarhunta joined Troy but failed to drive out Piyama-Radu. [CTH 191.3]

** Piyama-Radu attacked Lazpa (Lesbos Island). Manapa-Tarhunta's subordinates on the island joined Piyama-Radu. [CTH 191.4]

** A group of Lazpa artisans defected to Atpa in Miletus. [CTH 191.4]

** The Hittite army arrived at Seha and advanced to attack Wilusa. [CTH 191.3]

** The Hittite army likely headed for Wilusa to attack Piyama-Radu, who was stationed near Troy. [wiki: Piyama-Radu]

** Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira negotiated with Atpa regarding the return of a group of artisans. [CTH 191.4]

1289 BC | Sarpedon emigrated from Miletus to Lycia (Lukka lands). [Herod.1.173]

** Since Sarpedon divided land with Lycus in 1277 BC | he must have emigrated from Miletus to Lycia prior to that time.

1288 BC | Aeacus, son of Actor, founded Dia in Thessaly. [StephByz.D229.1]

1287 BC | Aeacus, son of Actor, emigrated from Dia to the island of Aegina. [Inferred from StephByz.D229.1]

1287 BC | Pandion, the eighth king of Athens, died of illness in exile in Megara. [Paus.1.5.3-4]

1287 BC | Pandion's adopted son, Aegeus, ascended to the ninth king of Athens in Megara. [Paus.1.5.4]

1287 BC | Amphitryon, son of Alcaeus, married Laonome, daughter of Guneus of Pheneus. [Estimated from Apo.2.4.5, Pindaros.170, and Paus.8.14.9]

1287 BC | Aeacus adjudicated a dispute over the succession of Megara between Pandion's son Nisus and Pandion's son-in-law, Sciron. [Paus.1.39.6]

** Scyrius (or Sciron, Chiron, or Scirus), the father of Aeacus' two wives, was the biological father of Pandion's adopted son, Aegeus. [Apo.3.12.6, Apo.3.15.5, FGrH.333.60, Hyginus.14, Paus.2.29.9, Plut.These.10, Plut.These.35]

** Thus, Aeacus and Aegeus were stepbrothers, and Nisus and Sciron were stepbrothers through Aegeus. It is likely that Aegeus, then king of Athens, had Aeacus, known for his piety, mediate a dispute between his brothers. [Apo.3.12.6]

1287 BC | Pelops' son Chrysippus died. [Paus.6.20.7]

1287 BC | Pelops' two sons, Pittheus and Troezen, emigrated to the land that would later become Troezen. [Paus.2.30.9]

1287 BC | Pelops' son Alcathus emigrated to Megara and married Pyrgo, daughter of Sciron, son of Pylas. [Paus.1.43.4]

1287 BC | Pelops' son Letreus migrated from Pisa to the coast and founded Letrini. [Paus.6.22.8]

1287 BC | Thyestes and Atreus emigrated to Macistus in Triphylia. [Euri.Scho.Or.5.1]

** Since Thyestes and Atreus were still young, they likely emigrated with their mother.

1287 BC | Hippodamia was expelled from Pisa by Pelops and fled to Midea. [Paus.6.20.7]

** Electryon, the husband of Hippodamia's daughter Eurydice (or Lysidice), was king of Midea. [Diod.4.9.1, Paus.2.25.9]

** Later, Elis, following an oracle, transported Hippodamia's remains to Olympia. [Paus.6.20.7]

** Hippodamia's remains were found in Midea, so she is believed to have died before Pelops.

** Atreus and Thyestes, who were advised by Hippodamia to kill Chrysippus, did so. Hippodamia, blamed by Pelops, committed suicide. [Hyginus.85, 243]

** Atreus and Thyestes, who were advised by Hippodamia to kill Chrysippus, refused, and Hippodamia killed him herself. [Plut.Mor.313e]

** Hippodamia and her sons killed Chrysippus. [Euri.Scho.Or.5.1, FGrH.Nr4.F157]

** Pelops killed Chrysippus. [Dic: Atreus (Schol. Thucy. 1.9)]

** Hippodamia and her sons were likely expelled from Pisa by Pelops.

** The cause of this is thought to be Pelops' marriage to Atreus' mother.

1286 BC | Iphicles was born as the son of Amphitryon, son of Alcaeus. [Apo. 2.4.11, Hyginus. 173, Paus. 8.14.9]

1286 BC | Thestius married Deidamia (or Leucippe), daughter of Perieres from Andania in Messenia. [SchoOnApoRhod.1.201]

1285 BC | Lysianassa was born, daughter of Polybus and Periboea. [Paus.2.6.6]

1285 BC | Actor, son of Phorbas, migrated from Olenus to the sea west of Elis and founded Hyrmina, named after his mother. [Paus.5.1.11]

1285 BC | Aegeus returned to Athens from Megara and expelled the sons of Metion. [Paus.1.5.4]

1285 BC | the epic poet Linus studied the Phoenician language and letters and invented the Pelasgic alphabet. [Estimated from Tacit.Ann.11.14]

1285 BC | after Troezen's death, Pittheus annexed nearby Hyperea and Anthea and founded Troezen. [Paus.2.30.9]

1285 BC | Daedalion, son of Actor, migrated from Phthia to the vicinity of Mount Parnassus. [Estimated from Paus.4.33.3 and Paus.8.4.6]

1285 BC | Galadrus, son of Emathion, migrated from Emathia to the region of Pieria and founded Galadrae. [TzeAdLyco.1342, Steph.G196.5]

1282 BC | Polybus, son of Chthonophyle, daughter of Sicyon, migrated east-southeast from Phlius and founded Tenea. [Estimated from Strabo.8.6.22]

1282 BC | Polybus married Periboea. [Apo.3.5.7, Hyginus.66]

** Since Oedipus was adopted by Polybus, Periboea is presumed to be the daughter of Laius, son of Labdacus, and Oedipus's older sister. [Apo.3.5.7]

** Although Tenea and Thebes are far apart, the marriage is likely due to a connection between Epopeus, the grandfather of Polybus's grandfather Sicyon, and Thebes.

** Epopeus' son Ismenus fought alongside Amphion against Lycus, Laius's guardian. Epopeus's family was a great benefactor to Laius.

1281 BC | Agenor, son of Pleuron, married Epcaste, daughter of Calydon. [Apo.1.7.7]

1280 BC | Pyttius migrated from Thessaly to Eleia and founded Buprasium. [Paus.5.1.11, Strabo.8.3.8]

** Automedon, son of Diores, son of Amarynceus, son of Pyttius, was a charioteer for Achilles. [Dictys.2.34]

** Automedon was a member of the Myrmidons, and Pyttius is thought to be the son of Actor, son of Myrmidon. [Dictys.2.34]

** Buprasium was located near the hill of Alesium. [Home.11.737]

** It was located near Salmone, on the road from Elis to Olympia. [Strabo.8.3.10]

** Pyttius' hometown, Phthia, was near the hometown of Salmoneus, the founder of Salmone. Pyttius migrated to Eleia, seeking refuge with Salmoneus.

1280 BC | Daedalion migrated near Mount Parnassus. [This is presumed based on the fact that Daedalion's son, Autolycus, lived in Parnassus (Paus. 8.4.6)]

** Daedalion was the brother of Ceyx of Trachis. [Ovid. Meta. 11.289]

** Trachis was a city of the Myrmidons, and Ceyx is presumed to be the son of Actor, the son of the Myrmidon. [Home. Il. 2.681]

** Thus, Daedalion's father is likely Actor, the son of the Myrmidon.

1280 BC | Aphareus, son of Perieres, left Andania to his brother Leucippus and migrated to the west coast of Messenia, where he founded Arene. [Paus.4.2.5]

** Idas succeeded his father Aphareus and lived in Arene, while Lynceus likely lived in Papae. [FGrH.Nr790.F50]

1280 BC | Pellene and Gonussa's son founded Gonussa near Pellene. [Estimated from Newton.Chro.62]

1280 BC | Manapa-Tarhunta was succeeded by Masturi. [wiki: Seha River Land]

** Masturi is likely the son of Manapa-Tarhunta. [wiki: Seha River Land]

** Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC) supported Masturi's succession. [wiki: Seha River Land]

1280 BC | Carystus, son of Chiron, migrated from the island of Salamis to southeastern Euboea and founded Carystus. [StephByz.K362.13, TzeAdLyco.580]

1280 BC | Alcaeus, son of Perseus, died. His son Amphitryon succeeded Tiryns.

** Alcaeus did not participate in the 1277 BC expedition to the Teleboans, which Alcaeus's brother Electryon also participated in.

1280 BC | Canethus, son of Abas, migrated from Chalcis to northern Euboea and founded Cerinthus. [Estimated from Apollo.1.77]

1280 BC | Phlegyas, son of Antion, founded Gyrton near Larisa. [Estimated from Strabo.9.5.21]

** The town founded by Phlegyas was named Gyrton after Ixion (also known as Gyrton), who succeeded Phlegyas. [Dic: Gyrton, StephByz.G215.20]

1279 BC | Oedipus was adopted by Polybus of Corinth. [Estimated from Apocalypse.3.5.7 and Strabo.8.6.22]

** Oedipus was likely adopted because he had several older siblings. [Paus.9.26.3]

1279 BC | Neleus and Pelias jointly organized the Olympic Games at Olympia. [Paus.5.8.2]

1279 BC | Cephalus, son of Deion, murdered his wife Procris and fled to Thebes. [Apocalypse.2.4.7, Strabo.10.2.20]

** Cephalus was tried by the Areopagus and sentenced to exile. [FGrH.Nr4.F169a]

** Cephalus killed Procris by accident. [FGrH.Nr333.F34]

** Negligent homicide was outside Areopagus's jurisdiction, and Cephalus's murder of Procris is a fiction. Cephalus was exiled by his brother-in-law, Aegeus.

1279 BC | Cephalus, son of Deion (Deioneus), was commissioned by Thebes to fight and defeat Alopekos of Haliartus. [Plut.Lysand.29, Tzetzes.1.560]

** Cephalus lived in Thoricus, Attica. [Apo.2.4.7, FGrH.Nr333.F34]

** Hyginus names Cephalus, son of Deione, as one of the kings of the Athenians. [Hyginus.48]

** Other sources [Apo.3.15.5, Paus.1.39.4, Strabo.9.1.6] describe Nisus as the son of Pandion, but Hyginus reports him as the son of Deion. [Hyginus.198]

** Therefore, Cephalus is thought to be the son of Pandion. [Estimated from Hyginus.48, 198]

** Cephalus led Minos' general Cynas against Alopekos. [Tzetzes.1.560]

** Alopekos (or Alopecus) was the grandson of Haliartus, the founder of Haliartus, and is thought to have been a cousin of Megareus, the son of Hippomenes (or Oncestus).

** Haliartus was located midway between Thebes and Orchomenus, and was a disputed territory between the two.

** In 395 BC | Neochorus of Sparti lived there. [Plut.Lysand.29, Plut.OraDelp.27]

** The Teumessian fox [Ovid.Meta.7.762, Paus.9.19.1] or Teumesian lion [Statius.4.74] is thought to be Alopekos.

** A Theban magnate nicknamed Alopex (the Fox) occupied Teumesion Hill and attacked Thebes, but was saved by Cephalus. [Palaepha.5]

** In Haliartus was Alopecus Hill, also known as Fox Hill. [Plut.Lysand.29]

** Laelaps, the dog who never missed his target, is thought to have been Cynas, a general of Minos. [Hyginus.189]

1278 BC | Ariadne, daughter of Minos, was married off from Crete to Oenarus, priest of Dionysus of Naxos. [Plut.These.20]

1278 BC | Amphitryon was invited from Sparta to emigrate to Thebes. [Pind.Py.9.80]

** The story that Amphitryon accidentally murdered his uncle Electryon and was exiled is likely a fabrication. [Apo.2.4.6]

1278 BC | Calliope, daughter of Pierus, who lived in Pieria, was married off to Ismenius, son of Charops, who lived in Bisaltia. [Paus.9.30.4, Tze.1.300]

1277 BC | Neleus married Chloris, daughter of Amphion of Orchomenus. [Diod.4.68.6, Hyginus.97, Paus.9.36.8, Home.Od.11.281]

** Chloris, accompanied by many Minyans, migrated to Pylus. [Strabo.8.3.19]

** After Pylus was destroyed by Heracles, the Minyans resettled in Triphylia near the Lepreatic Pylus. [Strabo.8.3.19]

1277 BC | Amphitryon, along with Cephalus, son of Deion, led an expedition to the land of the Teleboans. [Apo.2.4.7, Paus.1.37.6, Pind.Ne.10.10, Strabo.10.2.14]

** Cephalus participated in the migration of Helius, son of Perseus, to northwestern Greece, with the help of his brother Electryon and nephew Amphitryon.

** Helius founded Helos on the coast of Laconia. [Paus.3.20.6, Strabo.8.5.2]

1277 BC | Helius, son of Perseus, colonized the Echinacea Islands. [Apo.2.4.5, Apo.2.4.7]

1277 BC | Cephalus colonized the island of Cephallenia. [Paus.1.37.6]

1277 BC | Electryon and his sons died during a military campaign, and Amphitryon took his surviving children, Alcmena and Licymnius, to Thebes. [Apo.2.4.8]

1277 BC | Sthenelus, son of Perseus, entrusted Midea to Atreus and Thyestes. [Apo.2.4.6]

** This is likely because Atreus and Thyestes were the sons of Sthenelus's sister, Autochthe, rather than because they were brothers of Sthenelus' wife.

** Hippodamia gave birth to six sons. [Pind.Ol.1.89]

** Atreus was the firstborn. [Tzetzes.1.420] The eldest, Atreus. [Euri.Scho.Or.5.1]

** Thyestes as the firstborn, the second-born, Atreus. [Euri.Scho.Or.12.3]

** Thus, Atreus and Thyestes' mother was not Hippodamia, but Perseus' daughter, Autochthe.

** Hippodamia was likely already dead when Atreus and Thyestes became rulers of Midea.

1277 BC | Amphitryon dedicated a tripod obtained from Teleboans to the temple of Thebes. [Herod. 5.59]

1277 BC | Orneus, son of Pandion, was chased by Aegeus and migrated to the borders of Argolis near Phlius, where he founded Orneae. [Paus. 2.25.6]

** Pausanias identifies Orneus's father as Erechtehus. [Paus. 2.25.6]

** If Orneus's father was the sixth king of Athens, Menestheus, son of Peteus, son of Orneus, would be a contemporary of Aegeus, son of Pandion, son of Cecrops (son of Erechtehus).

** However, Menestheus lived during the Trojan War, while Aegeus lived earlier.

** The Trojan War occurred during the reign of Aegeus' grandson, and Erechtehus is thought to be another name for Pandion, the eighth king of Athens.

1277 BC | Pandion's son Lycus, pursued by Aegeus, visited Aphareus of Arene in Messenia and performed the Mysteries in Andania. [Paus.4.2.6]

1277 BC | Pandion's son Lycus traveled from Messenia to Asia Minor and settled with Sarpedon of Milyas in Lycia. [Herod.1.173]

** Sarpedon bestowed upon Lycus land. After this, the city was named Lycia after him. [Herod.1.173]

1277 BC | Peteus, son of Oeneus, was pursued by Aegeus and migrated from Styria in Attica to Phocis, where he founded Stiris. [Paus.10.35.8]

1277 BC | Lebadus, pursued by Aegeus, migrated from Athens to Midea in Boeotia. Midea came to be called Lebadeia. [Paus.9.39.1]

** There is a tradition linking Lebadeia in Boeotia with Lebadus, son of Lycaon in Arcadia. [Plut.QuestGr.39]

** Peteus, son of Oeneus, son of Pandion, who was pursued by Aegeus, is thought to be Lebadus's brother, and Oeneus is thought to be Lebadus's father.

** Along with Lebadus, Carmanor and his son Eubulus (or Phoenix) are believed to have migrated to Midea.

1277 BC | people chased by Aegeus sought refuge with Cepheus, son of Aleus of Arcadia, and settled in Caphyae near Orchomenus. [Paus.8.23.3]

** Caphyae is said to have been founded by Aeneas, grandson of Capys, but this is thought to have been an invention in order to gain protection from Rome. [Antiq.1.49.1, Strabo.13.1.53]

1277 BC | Teuthrantus, son of Pandion, fled from Aegeus, migrated to Boeotia, and founded Thespiae. [Estimated from StephByz.Th310.9]

1277 BC | Chloris, daughter of Amphion, son of Iasius, was married off from Orchomenus to Neleus, son of Cretheus, who lived in Pylus, Eleia. [FGrH.Nr333.F117, FGrH.12.21, Hyginus.97, Paus.9.36.8]

1277 BC | Pelias, son of Cretheus, married Anaxibia, daughter of Bias, who lived in Argos. [Apo.1.9.10]

1276 BC | Amphitryon married his cousin Alcmena. [Apo.2.4.8, Herod.2.145]

1276 BC | Polybus succeeded his grandfather Sicyon as king and moved from Tenea in Corinth to Sicyon. [Euseb.175, Paus.2.6.6]

** Oedipus likely succeeded Polybus, who had moved to Sicyon, and ruled the village of Tenea.

1276 BC | Oedipus of Corinth married Iocasta, daughter of Hyperphas. [FGrH.Nr333.F95]

** This marriage was intended to legitimize Oedipus's inheritance in Tenea, and Hyperphas is believed to have been a member of the Corinthian ruling class.

1276 BC | Circe, daughter of Aeetes, son of Perseis, was married off from Colchis to the king of Sauromatae. [Diod. 4.45.4]

1276 BC | Ixion married Dia and had a son, Peirithous (or Pirithous, Perithous). [Diod. 4.69.3, Apo. 1.8.2, Strabo. 9.5.19]

1275 BC | Heracles was born in Thebes as the son of Amphitryon and Alcmena. [Herod. 6.53, Paus. 5.8.3, Apo. 2.4.5]

** There is a legend that Heracles and Iphicles were twins, but this is likely a fiction. [Arist.HA.7.4.15, Pind.Py.9.75, Pliny.7.49, Solinus.1.60]

1275 BC | Eurystheus, the son of Sthenelus, was born in Mycenae. [Apo.2.4.5]

** Eurystheus and Heracles were born in the same year. [Apo.2.4.5, Home.Il.19.95]

1275 BC | Ctimenus, son of Actor, migrated from Phthia to the area near Lake Xynian in the Dolopia region and founded Ctimene. [Estimated from Apollo.1.65]

1275 BC | Perieres, son of Actor, migrated to the area near the Spercheius River. [Estimated from Home.16.168]

1275 BC | Hyettus killed Molurus, son of Arisbas, and emigrated from Argos to Boeotia, where he founded Hyettus. [Paus.9.36.6]

** Hyettus is thought to be the son of Bias, son of Amythaon, son of Tyro, daughter of Salmoneus, son of Aeolus, son of Hippotes.

** Hyettus was given land by Orchomenus, son of Minyas. [Paus.9.36.6]

** Orchomenus was the son of Minyas, son of Chryses, son of Chrysogeneia, daughter of Almus, son of Sisyphus.

** Thus, Hyettus emigrated to rely on Orchomenus, also of Hellenes.

** Arisbas is thought to be the son of Megapenthes, head of the Argos family. It is chronologically impossible to place Arisbas as the son of Bias or Melampus.

1275 BC | Euadne, daughter of Pelias, was married to Canes, son of Cephalus, who lived in Phocis, from Iolcus. [Diod.4.53.2]

1274 BC | Battle of Kadesh (Battle between the Hittites and Egypt)

** The Lukka lands (Lycia) also participated in the battle as Hittite reinforcements. [wiki:Lukka lands]

** 1277 BC | Sarpedon divided land with Lycus, so they must have migrated from Miletus to Lycia before that.

** It is likely that Solymi, who had ties with the Hittites before Sarpedon, sent troops to the Battle of Kadesh.

1272 BC | Mestra, daughter of Erysichthon, son of Myrmidon, was married to Autolycus, son of Deimachus, who lived in Trica. [Ovid.Ibis.413]

1270 BC | Poemander, son of Chaeresilaus, son of Iasius, son of Eleuther, son of Aethusa, emigrated from Eleutherae and founded Tanagra. [Paus.9.20.1]

** Poemander lived among the Gephyraeans.

** Poemander's grandson, Poemander, expelled the Gephyraeans from the area around Tanagra in 1200 BC. [Herod.5.61]

** Shortly after the Epigoni's attack on Thebes, the Gephyraeans, pursued by the Boeotians, emigrated to Athens. [Herod.5.61]

1270 BC | Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira demanded Miletus (Atpa) hand over Celaeneus (Piyama-Radu). [wiki: Miletus]

1270 BC | the epic poet Linus migrated from Thebes to Chalcis on the island of Euboea. [Diogenes.1.4, Suda.lambda.568]

1270 BC | Clymenus, son of Presbon, succeeded Orchomenus, son of Minyas, as king of Orchomenus. [Paus.9.37.1]

1270 BC | the Minyans migrated from Pylus to Triphylia, south of Eleia. [Strabo.8.3.19]

1268 BC | Pelops died in Pisa. [Paus.5.13.4]

1268 BC | Jason led an expedition to Chalcis with the Minyans living in Aesonis (or Aeson). [Inferred from FGrH.Nr8.F3]

** It is believed that there was continued contact between the two even after Athamas' son Presbon returned from Colchis to Boeotia.

** It is believed that Jason, accompanied by Minyans, who possessed the navigational skills, led an expedition to Colchis. [Paus.9.34.8]

1268 BC | Jason married Medea, daughter of Aeetes. [Diod.4.46.4, Paus.2.3.11]

1268 BC | Iphicles, Heracles' half-brother, married Automedusa, daughter of Alcathus, son of Pelops. [Apo.2.4.11]

** The marriage between Iphicles and Automedusa was a subsequent marriage between the sons of Perseus and the daughters of Pelops.

** Iphicles was the great-grandson of Perseus, and Automedusa was the granddaughter of Pelops.

1268 BC | Philammon, son of Daedalion, migrated from near Mount Parnassus to the northern Chalcidice Peninsula. [Estimated from Paus. 4.33.3 and Strabo. 7.8.3]

** Philammon's wife, Argiope, was an Odrysian. [Paus. 4.33.3]

1268 BC | Aethalides succeeded his father as Itonus and married Pelopia, daughter of Pelias of Iolcus. [Apo. 2.7.7, Tzetzes. 2.460]

1267 BC | Iolaus, the son of Iphicles and Automedusa, was born in Thebes. [Apo. 2.4.11]

1267 BC | Oeneus, son of Calydon, married Althaea, daughter of Thestius. [Apo. 1.8.1, Diod. 4.34, Strabo. 10.3.6]

1266 BC | Protogenia, daughter of Calydon, married Andraemon, son of Aetolus, who lived in Amphissa. [Estimated from Apo. 1.7.7]

1266 BC | Actor, son of Phorbas of Hyrmina, married Molione, daughter of Molus, from Pleuron in Aetolia, and had twin sons, Ceatatus and Eurytus. [Apo.2.7.2, Paus.5.2.1]

1265 BC | Amphitryon appointed Heracles as a priest for a one-year term at the temple of Apollo Ismenias and dedicated a bronze tripod to him. [Paus.9.10.4]

1265 BC | Corinthus, son of King Marathon of Corinth, died. [Paus.2.3.10]

1265 BC | Hipponus, son of Dexamenus, emigrated from Olenus in Achaia to Aetolia and founded Olenus. [Strabo.8.7.4]

** Pleuron, near Olenus, was the birthplace of Molione, wife of Dexamenus' brother Actor. [FGrH.333.79]

1265 BC | Tyndareus, son of Oebalus, emigrated from Sparta to Aetolia. [Apo.3.10.5, Strabo.10.2.24, Paus.3.1.4]

** Hippocoon banished Tyndareus and Icarius. [Apo.3.10.5, Strabo.10.2.24]

** Hippocoon banished Tyndareus. [Paus.3.1.4]

** Tyndareus emigrated voluntarily; it was Idas, not Icarius, who emigrated with him.

** Tyndareus likely emigrated with the help of his half-sister, Deidamia, who was married to Thestius of Pleuron.

1265 BC | Idas married Marpessa, daughter of Evenus of Pleuron. [Apo.1.7.8, Paus.4.2.7]

** Before going to Pleuron, Tyndareus went to Aphareus, and it is believed that Idas, who was the same age as Tyndareus, also went to Pleuron with him. [Paus.3.1.4]

** Idas's mother, Arene, was Tyndareus's sister. This means that Idas was Tyndareus's nephew.

1265 BC | Aethusa's son, Eleuther, moved to Mount Cithaeron and founded Eleutherae. [StephByz.E265.10]

1265 BC | Mursili III (Urhi-Teshup) attacked his uncle, Hattusili III (before he ascended to the throne). [wiki: Mursili III]

** Wilusa and Ahhiyawa supported Mursili III but were defeated, and Wilusa became independent. [wiki: Piyama-Radu (Gale)]

1265 BC | Lysianassa, daughter of Polybus, was married to Talaus of Argos from Sicyon. [Paus.2.6.6]

1265 BC | Minos' sons, Eurymedon, Nephalion, Chryses, and Philolaus, emigrated from Crete to Paros. [Apo.2.5.9, Apo.3.1.2]

1265 BC | Daedalus, son of Eupalamus, son of Metion, was pursued by Aegeus and emigrated to the island of Crete. [Estimated from Apocalypse 3.15.8, Hyginus 244, Paus 1.21.4, Tzetzes 1.490]

** It is believed that Daedalus married Androgeus, son of Minos, to the sons of Pallas.

1265 BC | the Caucones, led by Lepreus, son of Pyrgeus, migrated to southern Eleia and founded Lepreus. [Paus 5.5.4]

1264 BC | Mantius, son of Melampus, fled to Calydon. [Inferred from Apocalypse 1.7.7 and the marriage of Oecles to Hypermnestra]

** Calydon was the birthplace of Aeolia, sister of Mantius's father, Melampus. [Apocalypse 1.7.7]

1264 BC | Oecles, son of Mantius, married Hypermnestra, daughter of Thestius of Pleuron. [Diod. 4.68.5, Hyginus. 70, Paus. 6.17.6]

** Thestius was the son of Pleuron, brother of Calydon, husband of Mantius' aunt Aeolia. Thus, Oecles and Hypermnestra were second cousins.

1264 BC | Laius, son of Labdacus, died on the Cleft Road near Panopeus in Phocis. [Apocalypse 3.15.7, Paus 10.5.4]

** During the Roman period, the Phlegyans lived in Panopeus, Phocis. [Paus 10.4.1]

** 1215 BC | the Phlegyans came from the Minyan country to support Thebes. [Paus 9.9.2]

** Damasistratus of Plataea buried Laius. [Apocalypse 3.5.8, Paus 10.5.4]

** Damasistratus's wife was likely Plataea, sister of Tanagra, daughter of the river god Asopus.

** Damasistratus's father, Iasius, was the brother of Laius' guardian, Amphion. [Inferred from Paus 9.20.1]

** Laius is believed to have been killed in battle against Tityus of Panopeus alongside Damasistratus of Plataea.

1264 BC | Creon ascended to the throne as king of Thebes. [Apo.3.5.8, Hyginus.67]

** Laius likely had many sons. Creon was not king, but rather the guardian of Laius's son.

1264 BC | Androgeus, son of Minos, was murdered in Athens during the reign of Aegeus. [Apo.3.15.8, Diod.4.60.5]

** Aegeus murdered Androgeus because of his close ties with the sons of Pallas, his political rival. [Diod.4.60.4-5]

** Androgeus, son of Minos, was on his way to Thebes to participate in Laius's funeral games. [Apo.3.15.7]

** Androgeus was killed by the bull at Marathon. [Apo.3.15.8, Paus.1.27.10]

** Androgeus was killed during the war. [Hyginus.41]

** After this, a battle between Minos and Megara is reported, but the battle between Minos and Athens is unknown.

1264 BC | Minos attacked Megara under the rule of Nisus, son of Pandion. [Apo.3.15.8]

1264 BC | the Athenians made a peace agreement with Minos, agreeing to pay tribute of seven young women and seven young men every ninth year. [Plut.These.15]

1264 BC | Minos attacked the island of Ceos and captured Dexithea, whom he married. [Apo.3.1.2, Bacchy.1.180]

** Dexithea is likely a descendant of a child left behind by Aristaeus on the island of Ceos. [Diod.4.82.4]

1264 BC | Nisus, son of Pandion, was killed in battle against Minos. [Apo.3.15.8, Paus.1.39.5]

1264 BC | Megareus, son of Hippomenes, rushed from Onchestus to Megara and was killed in battle against Minos. [Apo.3.15.8, Paus.1.39.5]

1264 BC | Minos' brother Rhadamanthus emigrated to Onchestus. [Apo.2.4.11, Plut.Lysa.28]

** Minos and Thebes had a good relationship. [Apo.3.15.7, Tzetzes.1.560]

1264 BC | Alcathus, son of Pelops, succeeded him as king of Megara and built a wall. [Paus.1.41.6, Paus.1.42.4]

** Based on the fact that the tomb of Alcathous' first wife, Pyrgo, was located in Megara, the following is suggested. [Paus.1.43.4]

** Pyrgo was the daughter of Sciron, son of Pyras, who competed with Nisus for the kingship. Nisus and his son-in-law, Megareus, were both killed in battle, leaving Megara with no heirs.

** Pyrgo's husband, Alcathus, succeeded Megara and, after Pyrgo's death, married Nisus's granddaughter, Euaechme.

** After Nisus' death, Alcathus made peace with Minos. Alcathus' daughter, Periboea, also paid tribute. [Paus.1.17.3; 1.42.2]

1264 BC | Aegeus fled to Pittheus in Troezen. [Estimated from Apo.3.15.8, Euri.SupW.1]

** Alcathus likely introduced Pittheus of Troezen as a place of exile for Aegeus, who had been exiled by the sons of Pallas.

1264 BC | Minos settles the Cretans on the island of Aegina. [Estimated from Strabo.8.6.16]

1264 BC | Ampycus, son of Elatus, emigrated to Oechalia, founded by Melaneus, son of his cousin Aeolus. [Hyginus.14]

1263 BC | Theseus was born in Troezen, the son of Aegeus and Aethra. [Apo.3.16.1, Euseb.185, Hyginus.14]

** Aethra's father, Pittheus, married her to Aegeus according to an oracle. [Euri.SupW.1]

** Aegeus's return is likely aided by Troezen's two sons, Anaphlystus and Sphettus, who emigrated from Troezen to Attica. [Paus.2.30.9]

** Sphettus was among the 12 towns united during Theseus' reign, so his migration likely predates Theseus's time. [Strabo.9.1.20]

1263 BC | Amphiaraus was born, as the son of Oecles and Hypermnestra. [Home.Od.15.220, Hyginus.70, Paus.6.17.6, Diod.4.68.5]

** Amphiaraus participated in the Calydonian Boar Hunt from Argos. [Apo.1.8.2]

** Amphiaraus participated in Adrastus's attack on Thebes from Pylos. [Hyginus.70]

1262 BC | Aegeus returned to Athens with the help of Troezen's sons, Anaphlystus and Sphettus. [Estimated from Paus.2.30.9]

1262 BC | Anaphlystus, son of Troezen, founded Anaphlystus in Attica. [Paus.2.30.9]

1262 BC | Sphettus, son of Troezen, founded Sphettus in Attica. [Paus.2.30.9]

1262 BC | Heracles murdered Linus, the son of his musical teacher Ismenius. [Aelia.3.32, Paus.9.29.9]

** The father of the epic poet Linus was Amphimarus. Heracles and the epic poet Linus were contemporaries but likely never met.

1262 BC | Picus died, and Faunus succeeded Laurentum. [Euseb.Chron.283]

1262 BC | Sthenelus of Mycenae died.

1262 BC | Sthenelus' son, Eurystheus, became king of Mycenae. [Euseb.Chron.179, Strabo.8.6.19]

** Eurystheus's reign lasted 45 years. [Jerome Chro. 1308]

1262 BC | Opus, son of Locrus, founded Opus in Locris. [Pind. Ol. 9.65]

** After Locrus's name, the region where Locrus lived came to be called Locris, and the people who lived there called themselves Locrians. [Ps-Scym. 587]

1262 BC | Menoetius, son of Actor, moved from Phthia to Locris and participated in the founding of Opus. [Pind. Ol. 9.65]

** Menoetius gained the trust of Opus and was entrusted with the city. [Pind. Ol. 9.65]

** Menoetius was a friend of Heracles. [Diod. 4.39.1]

1262 BC | the son of Crius of Euboea was killed after ravaging the sanctuary and surrounding area of Delphi. [Paus.10.6.6, Paus.10.7.1]

** It was Apollo who killed Crius' son. [Paus.10.6.6] Apollo killed Tityus, the son of Elare, daughter of Orchomenus. [Apo.1.4.1]

** Based on the above, it is assumed that Crius' son was Tityus, the son of Elare.

** Tityus's tomb was in Panopeus. [Paus.10.4.5]

** Tityus' daughter Europa lived near the Cephisus River. [Pind.Py.4.45]

** Based on the above, it is assumed that Tityus migrated from Euboea, where his father Crius lived, to near Orchomenus, where his grandfather lived, and lived in Panopeus.

** Based on the following, it is assumed that Apollo, who killed Tityus, was Eubulus (or Phoenix), son of Carmanor.

** Carmanor purified Apollo. [Paus. 2:30.3] Apollo married Acacallis, daughter of Minos, in Carmanor's house. [Paus. 10:16.5]

** Britomartis, daughter of Carme, daughter of Carmanor's son Eubulus, became the goddess Dictynna (or Aphaea). [Paus. 2:30.3]

1262 BC | Carmanor and his son Eubulus emigrated to Tarra in the southwestern part of Crete. [Paus. 10:16.5]

1261 BC | Periboea, daughter of Acessamenus of Pieria, married Axius, son of Mygdon of Mygdonia. [Home.Il.21.136]

** Acessamenus is believed to be the son of Pierus, son of Magnes, son of Aeolus.

1260 BC | Asclepius was born in Tricca. [Strabo.14.1.39]

1260 BC | Aeacus prayed for rain during a drought in Athens and Greece. [Cleme.Str.6.3, Diod.4.61.1, Paus.1.44.9, Paus.2.29.7, Paus.2.30.4]

1260 BC | Oeonus, son of Licymnius, cousin of Heracles, was killed by the sons of Hippocoon. [Diod.4.33.5, Paus.3.15.4]

1260 BC | Aegeus of Athens made peace with Minos on the condition that he send seven young men and women as hostages to the island every nine years. [Diod.4.61.3]

** The second time was in 1251 BC. The third time was in 1242 BC. Theseus was 21 years old.

1260 BC | Ischys, son of Elatus (or Eilatus), expelled the inhabitants of Tricca. [Inferred from Plut.Lucu.23, Strabo.12.3.11]

1260 BC | Autolycus, son of Deimachus, emigrated from Tricca to Sinope, on the southern coast of the Pontus Sea. [Plut. Lucu. 23, Strabo. 12.3.11]

** Autolycus participated in Jason's expedition in 1268 BC and is believed to have been familiar with the Pontus Sea. [Estimated from Apollo. 2.946]

1260 BC | Cynus, son of Opus, founded Cynus near Opus. [Strabo. 9.4.2]

1260 BC | Cyzicus, son of Aeneus, founded Cyzicus on the island of Herron in the Propontis Sea. [StephByz. K391.4]

1258 BC | Protesilaus, son of Iphiclus, married Laodamia, daughter of Acastus, from Iolcus, northeast of Phylace. [Hyginus.103]

1258 BC | Amphitryon defeated Chalcodon of Chalcis in Euboea, who had invaded Boeotia. [Paus.9.19.3]

** Chalcodon's son, Elephenor, participated in the Trojan campaign and was presumably born shortly before Chalcodon's death.

** Chalcodon's daughter, Chalciope, married Aegeus of Athens around this time. [Apo.3.15.6, Athen.556f]

** Later, Theseus' sons took refuge with Chalciope's brother, Elephenor. [Plut.These.35]

1257 BC | Heracles slew the lion of Cithaeron. [Apo.2.4.9]

1257 BC | Heracles was entertained by Thespius, king of Thespiae in Boeotia. [Apo.2.4.9]

1256 BC | Heracles visited Pittheus in Troezen with his father, Amphitryon. [This is inferred from their absence at Erginus's attack on Thebes.]

** Pittheus was the brother of Eurydice (or Lysidice), mother of Heracles' mother, Alcmena.

1256 BC | Theseus saw Heracles sitting on a lion's skin in Pittheus's house in Troezen. [Paus.1.27.7]

** Pittheus was Theseus' maternal grandfather.

1256 BC | Clymenus, son of Presbon, was killed in Onchestus by Perieres, charioteer of Menoeceus, son of Creon of Thebes. [Apo.2.4.11]

** Eurydice, daughter of the murdered Clymenus and wife of Nestor, the eldest Trojan warrior, was the eldest daughter, so this likely occurred around this time. [Home.Od.3.452]

** Amphitryon and Heracles were traveling and likely not in Thebes. [Estimated from Apo.2.4.9]

1256 BC | Erginus, son of Clymenus, king of the Minyans, invaded Thebes and defeated him, imposing 20 years of tribute on Thebes. [Apo.2.4.11]

1256 BC | Heracles defeated Erginus, king of the Minyans. [Apo.2.4.11, Diod.4.10.5, Strabo.9.2.40]

** When Heracles came of age, the Thebans were freed from tribute and the Minyans were defeated in battle. [Paus.9.37.2]

** Erginus and Thebes made peace. [Paus.9.37.3]

1256 BC | Oedipus' sons, Phrastor and Laonytus, were killed in battle with Erginus. [FGrH.Nr333.F95]

** Since this occurred before Oedipus's return to Thebes, it is likely that his sons arrived from Corinth.

1256 BC | Heracles dedicated a stone lion to the temple of Artemis in Thebes to commemorate his victory over Erginus. [Paus.9.17.2]

1256 BC | Amphitryon was killed in battle against Erginus. [Apo.2.4.11]

1256 BC | Icarius, son of Oebalus, married Dorodoche, daughter of Orsilochus. [FGrH.Nr333.F128]

1256 BC | Icarius, son of Oebalus, founded Pharis south of Sparta. [Estimated from Paus.4.16.8 and FGrH.Nr333.F128]

** Pharis was also called Pharae. [Paus.4.16.8]

** Pharis, father of Telegone, mother of Orsilochus, founded Pharae near the mouth of the Nedon River, which flows into the Gulf of Messenia. [Paus. 4.30.2]

** Icarius likely named the city he founded after his wife Dorodoche's hometown of Pharae, or after Pharis, the city's founder.

1256 BC | Hippomenes, son of Megareus, was expelled from Onchestus and emigrated to Arcadia. [Apo. 3.9.2, Hyginus. 185]

1256 BC | Schoeneus of Schoenus of Boeotia, oppressed by Thebes, emigrated to Arcadia. [Paus. 8.35.10, Plut. Lysa. 29.7, Tzetzes. 1.560, Strabo. 9.2.22]

1256 BC | Copaeus, son of Plataeus, son of Onchestus, was expelled from Onchestus and emigrated across Lake Copais, where he founded Copae. [Estimated from StephByz.K401.12]

1256 BC | Larymna, which had belonged to Opus, became part of the Boeotia region. [Paus.9.23.7]

1256 BC | Phocus, son of Aeacus, migrated from the island of Aegina to the area northwest of Phocus, near Naubolenses (later Drymaea). [Paus.10.1.1, 10.33.12]

1256 BC | Telamon, son of Aeacus, migrated from the island of Aegina to the island of Salamis and married Glauce, daughter of Cychreus. [Diod.4.72.7]

** Peleus and Telamon joined the Argonauts from different locations. [Apollo.1.90]

1256 BC | Peleus, son of Aeacus, emigrated from the island of Aegina to Phthia to live with Eurytion, son of Actor. [Apollo.3.13.1]

1256 BC | Peleus married Eurytion's daughter Antigone, and they had a daughter, Polydora. [Apollo.3.13.1]

** Actor, father of Antigone's father, Eurytion, was the father of Peleus' father, Aeacus, and Antigone was Peleus's cousin. [Apollo.3.13.1]

1256 BC | Tithonus, son of Laomedon, married Cissia, granddaughter of Perses. [Strabo. 15.3.2, Dictys. 4.4, Apo. 3.12.4, Diod. 4.75.4]

1256 BC | Thoas, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, emigrated from Naxos to Lemnos. [Diod. 5.79.2]

1255 BC | Oedipus married Euryganeia, daughter of Hyperphas. [FGrH.Nr333.F95]

** Oedipus' marriage to Euryganeia occurred one year after the battle with Erigeron. [FGrH.Nr333.F95]

1255 BC | Heracles married Megara, daughter of Creon. [Apo.2.4.11, Diod.4.10.6]

1255 BC | Iphicles married the younger sister of Megara, daughter of Creon. [Apo.2.4.11]

** Iphicles' death likely resulted from his significant contributions to the battle.

** Iphicles' two sons died along with Heracles' children. [Apo.2.4.12]

** The tomb of Heracles' children was located next to the tomb of Amphitryon. [Paus.1.41.1]

** Given the above, it is possible that Iphicles' marriage to Creon's daughter never actually took place.

1255 BC | Alcmena was honored by the Thebans. [Diod.4.58.6]

1255 BC | Alcmena remarried Rhadamanthus and resided in Ocaleae, Hariatos. [Apo.3.1.2, Apo.2.4.11, Plut.Lysand.28]

1255 BC | the oracle of Themis in Delphi became the oracle of Apollo. [Paus.10.16.5, Paus.10.23.2, Paus.1.4.4]

** Phemonoe became Apollo's first female prophet and the first to recite oracles in hexameter verse. [Paus.10.5.7, Newton.Chro.143]

1252 BC | Laonome, daughter of Amphitryon, married Euphemus, son of Theiodamas (or Theodamas). [Tzetzes.2.610]

1252 BC | Eurystheus married Antimache, daughter of Amphidamas of Tegea. [Apo.3.9.2]

** Aleus, father of Lycurgus, father of Amphidamas, father of Antimache, was father of Amphidamas, father of Antibia, wife of Sthenelus, father of Eurystheus.

** Thus, Eurystheus married Antimache, daughter of Amphidamas, who was a cousin of Antibia, wife of his father Sthenelus.

1252 BC | Alcestis, daughter of Pelias, son of Cretheus, was married to Hippasus, son of Eurytus, of Oechalia in Messenia. [FGrH.Nr325.F9]

1251 BC | Heracles killed three of his children with Megara and two of his children with Iphicles. [Apo.2.4.12, Diod.4.11.1]

** Pindar reports eight sons, but this is likely an excessive number. [FGrH.Nr333.F14, Pind.Is.4.50]

** Heracles' children likely died in a fire caused by Megara's negligence. [Inferred from Apo.2.4.12]

1251 BC | Heracles divorced Megara and gave her to Iolaus in marriage. [Apo.2.6.1, Diod.4.31.1]

** Heracles likely considered his marriage to Megara "unblessed by the gods." [Paus.10.29.7]

1251 BC | Heracles emigrated from Thebes to Tiryns, the territory of his father Amphitryon. [Apo.2.4.12, Diod.4.10.6]

** An oracle directed Heracles to work under Eurystheus. [Apo.2.4.12]

1251 BC | Licymnius emigrated from Thebes to Midea, the territory of his father Electryon. [Apo.2.4.8, inferred from Diod.4.33.2]

** Licymnius traveled to Thebes with Alcmena and accompanied Heracles. [Apo.2.4.8]

** Licymnius' name is not found among those accompanying Heracles when he left Tiryns. [Diod.4.33.2]

** Eurystheus of Mycenae likely welcomed his relatives, Heracles and Licymnius, to oppose Argos.

1251 BC | Atreus, son of Pelops, migrated north from Midea and founded Cleonae. [FGrH.Nr2.F3, FGrH.Nr333.F20]

1251 BC | Thyestes, son of Pelops, migrated from Midea to the island of Cythera. [Estimated from FGrH.10.11, Tzetzes.1.460, and Home.Od.4.512]

** The migration of Atreus and Thyestes is thought to have been caused by Licymnius's return from Thebes to Midea.

** Licymnius joined Heracles before his battle with Eurytus of Oechalia. [Apo.2.7.7]

** The island of Cythera is thought to have been an important trading post.

1251 BC | Chrysothemis, daughter of Carmanor, won a hymn-singing contest at the Pythia Festival. [Paus.10.7.2]

1250 BC | Lycurgus of Arcadia fought and defeated Areithus of Arene in Triphylia. [Home.7.8, FGrH.Nr333.F158]

1250 BC | Heracles was adopted by the Athenian Pylius to be initiated into the Mysteries of Eleusis. [Apo.2.5.12, Plut.These.33]

** Eleusis's attendants were Musaeus, son of Orpheus [Diod.4.25.1], Eumolpus [Apo.2.5.12], and unknown [FGrH.Nr334.F20]

** Heracles' attendant was likely Musaeus, son of Antiophemus, father of Eumolpus, the high priest who instituted the Mysteries.

1250 BC | Melampus introduced the Dionysian cult to Greece. [Herod. 2.49]

1250 BC | Ariadne, daughter of Minos, and Oenarus visited Peroponessus from Naxos to spread the Dionysian cult. [Paus. 2.23.8, Paus. 3.13.7]

** It is believed that Melampus, son of Amythaon, invited Dionysus. [Herod. 2.49]

** The tomb of Chorea is located in Argos. [Paus. 2.20.4] Chorea was one of the daughters of Leucippus and likely the sister of King Smerdius of Naxos. [Diod. 5.51.3]

** The visiting group led by Oenarus and Ariadne also visited Messenia. [Paus.4.31.4]

** The common tomb of the woman who accompanied Oenarus and Ariadne was also located in Argos. [Paus.2.22.1]

1250 BC | Oenarus and Ariadne's son, Phliasus, succeeded the illegitimate Phlius. [Paus.2.6.6]

** Phliasus was related to the founder of Phlius through his father, Oenarus.

** Hypsipyle, daughter of Thoas, who lived on the island of Lemnos, was orphaned after the death of her parents and is believed to have been adopted by Phliasus.

** Lemnos was likely the site of a group of people who migrated from Naxos with Thoas and participated in the expeditions of Dionysus (Oenarus).

** Hypsipyle's parents are believed to have died of plague, which ravaged Lemnos. [Thucy.2.47]

1250 BC | Oileus (or Oeleus), son of Hodoedocus, founded Narycus west of Cynus in Locris. [Hyginus.14]

1250 BC | Ceyx, son of Actor, migrated from Phthia to the foot of Mount Oeta and founded Trachis. [Estimated from Home.Il.2.681]

1250 BC | Pierus, son of Linus, son of Pierus, migrated from Pieria in Macedonia to Thespiae. [Paus.9.29.3]

1250 BC | Panopeus, son of Phocus, migrated from Naubolenses (later Drymaea) to Panopeus. [Paus.10.4.1]

** Panopeus, son of Phocus, is presumed to have migrated there with Iphitus, son of Naubolus.

** Iphitus was the brother of Antiphateia, wife of Panopeus's brother Crisus. Thus, Panopeus and Iphitus were brothers-in-law.

** Tityos, son of Crius, presumably the brother of Naubolus' father Ornytus, lived in Panopeus, but was killed in a battle with Thebes.

1250 BC | Iphitus (or Perimedes), son of Naubolus, son of Ornytus, migrated from Naubolenses to Panopeus. [Estimated from Apollo.1.207]

** The area was named Panopeus after Panopeus, son of Phocus. [Paus.10.4.1]

** Iphitus served as Jason's guide when he visited Delpi before the Argonauts' expedition. [Apo.1.9.16, Apollo.1.207, Home.2.517]

** Therefore, Iphitus's migration to Panopeus predates the Argonauts' expedition.

1250 BC | the epic poet Linus died in Chalcis and was buried there. [Diogenes.1.4, Suda.lambda.568]

1250 BC | Hattusili III demanded the surrender of Celaeneus (Piyama-Radu) to King Ahhiyawa. [wiki: Tawagalawa letter]

1250 BC | the Caucones, who lived in Lepreus in southern Eleia, could no longer tolerate Lepreus's tyranny and emigrated to Lycia. [Strabo. Fragment. 63]

1250 BC | Tawagalawa letter (CTH 181)

** Letter from Hattusili III (1265-35 BC) to King Ahhiyawa [wiki: Tawagalawa letter]

** Tawagalawa, King Ahhiyawa's brother [wiki: Tawagalawa letter]

** After the failure of the rebellion in Lukka, Tawagalawa demanded the extradition of Piyama-Radu, who fled to Ahhiyawa. [wiki: Tawagalawa letter]

** Requests King Ahhiyawa to suppress activities against the Hittites. [wiki: Tawagalawa letter]

** This is a request, not an order, from the Hittites. It is believed that Ahhiyawa had become equal in power to the Hittites. [wiki: Tawagalawa letter]

** The Hittites and Ahhiyawa were once enemies over Troy, but now had friendly relations. [wiki: Tawagalawa letter]

1250 BC | Priam rushed to the aid of Phrygia, which was under attack by the Amazons. [Strabo.12.3.24, Strabo.12.8.6, Home.3.181]

** Priam also assisted Otreus (father of Laomedon's wife, Placia (or Leucippe)) and Mygdon in their battle against the Amazons. [Home.3.181]

1250 BC | Teucer was born as the son of Telamon, son of Aeacus. [Apo.3.10.8, Hyginus.97, VellePat.1.1.1, Strabo.14.6.3]

** Teucer's mother is said to have been Hesione, daughter of Laomedon of Troy. [Apo.3.12.7, Hyginus.97]

** This legend is thought to be a fabrication spread by the descendants of Teucer, who founded Salamis with the Trojans, in order to subjugate the inhabitants. [Athen.256b]

** Teucer's mother is thought to have been Glauce, daughter of Cychreus, Telamon's first wife.

1250 BC | Alcaeus, son of Androgeus, son of Minos, emigrated from Crete to Paros. [Diod.5.79.2]

1250 BC | Linus, son of Ismenius, son of Charops, emigrated from Bisaltia to Thebes. [Estimated from Paus.9.29.9]

** Pierus, son of Linus, brother of Linus's mother, Calliope, lived in Thespiae, Boeotia. [Paus. 9.29.3]

1249 BC | Ariadne died in Argos and was buried there. [Paus. 2.23.8]

1249 BC | Augeas held the games in Elis. [FGrH.Nr333.F118, Home.Il.11.655]

** The location of the games is believed to be Olympia, not Elis. [Paus.5.8.3]

1248 BC | Heracles killed Iphitus, the son of Eurytus of Oechalia, in Tiryns. [Apo.2.6.2, Diod.4.31.3]

** At that time, the Oechalia where Eurytus lived was not Euboea, but Oechalia in Messenia.

1248 BC | Heracles fell ill and asked Neleus for absolution, but was refused. [Diod. 4.31.4]

1248 BC | Heracles asked Hippocoon in Sparta for absolution, but was refused. [Paus. 3.15.3]

1248 BC | Heracles was absolved by Deiphobus of Amyclae near Sparta. [Diod. 4.31.5]

1248 BC | Heracles served under Omphale in Lydia. [Apo. 2.6.3, Diod. 4.31.5, Herod. 1.7, Tzetzes. 2.420]

** After killing Iphitus, Heracles fell ill and was asked by an oracle to become a slave. [Apo.2.6.3, Diod.4.31.5, Tzetzes.2.420]

** Heracles served under Omphales for three years. [Apo.2.6.2, Tzetzes.2.420]

** At that time, it was customary for anyone who accidentally killed someone to serve a certain period of time under another. [Plut.QuestGr.37]

** During Heracles' service, the Argonauts' expedition, the Calydonian boar hunt, and Theseus' exploits on the Isthmus occurred. [Apo.1.9.19, 2.6.3]

** Omphales' residence is believed to have been at the foot of Mount Timolus, through which the Hyllus River flows in Lydia. [Home.20.379, Paus.1.35.8, Strabo.13.4.5]

1248 BC | Iphitus, son of Naubolus, guided Jason on his visit to Delpi to seek an oracle. [Apo.1.9.16, Apollo.1.207, Home.2.517]

1248 BC: The Argonauts' Expedition [Apo.1.9.16-28, Hyginus.14]

** Theseus joined the expedition from Troezen at the age of 16, the year before going to Athens. [Paus.1.27.8]

** The expedition took place during the reign of Aegeus (1288-1240 BC). [Euseb.Chron.183]

** The expedition was led by the Minyans, but was later revised to include heroes of the time. [FGrH.Nr8.F3]

** The Golden Fleece was a scroll containing instructions for making gold. [Para.Anony.F3]

** Hylas's birthplace, Oechalia, was in Trachis. [Hyginus.14, StephByz.O487.18, Strabo.10.1.10]

** In the 6th century BC | Orpheus of Croton, a town in southern Italy, wrote "The Argonautica." [Suda.omicron.657]

** In the 2nd century BC | Dionysius of Mitylene of Alexandria also wrote about the Argonauts, which Diodorus quoted. [Diod.3.52.3, Suda.delta.1175]

** Jason's companions were 54 people. [Diod.4.41.2]

** Laertes, who does not appear in the 3rd century BC epic poet Apollonius of Rhodes's "Argonautica," appears in Diodorus. [Diod.4.48.5]

1248 BC | Cyzicus, son of Aeneus, was killed in battle against an expedition by the Argonauts, whom he recognized as the Thessalians who had driven out his ancestors. [Apollo.1.936, Apollo.1.961, FGrH.Nr70.F61, Hyginus.16, Hyginus.273]

1248 BC | Polyneices was born in Tenea, Corinth, the son of Oedipus and Euryganeia. [Paus.2.20.5, Hyginus.243]

1247 BC | Chrysothemis, daughter of Carmanor, won the competition to sing the Pythian Apollo Hymn. [Paus.10.7.2]

1247 BC | Mantius, son of Melampus, returned from Aetolia and expelled the descendants of his brothers Abas and Bias from Argos. [Estimated from Pind.Ne.9.10]

** Mantius' son Oecles (or Oecleus) and Mantius' grandson Amphiaraus also emigrated from Aetolia to Argos.

** Since the Argives later participated in Heracles' attack on Elis, it is likely that Eurystheus assisted Mantius in his return.

1247 BC | Talaus was killed by Amphiaraus. [Schol. Pind. N. 9.30b]

1247 BC | Adrastus, son of Talaus, fought with Amphiaraus, a descendant of Melampus, and fled to Polybus in Sicyon. [Apo. 3.6.2, Paus. 2.6.6]

** Polybus was the father of Adrastus's mother, Lysianassa.

1247 BC | Talaus' son Pronax migrated from Argos to the upper reaches of the Nemea River, which flows between Sicyon and Corinth, and founded Nemea. [Estimated from Apo. 3.6.4]

** Pronax married Nemea, daughter of Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, from Corinth, and named the city Nemea. [Apo.1.9.13, estimated from Paus.5.22.6]

1247 BC | Polypheides, son of Abas, son of Melampus, emigrated to Hyperesia in Achaia after fighting with his father. [Home.Od.15.220]

** Polypheides' migration is thought to have been due to internal conflicts in Argos. Near Hyperesia was Pellene, founded by the Argives. [Paus.7.26.12]

** Polypheides also lived in Eleusis. [FGrH.Nr333.F116]

** After Trochilus, son of Callithyia, emigrated to Eleusis in 1580 BC | it is believed that Argos and Eleusis had contact with each other. [Paus.1.14.2]

1247 BC | Abas, son of Melampus, emigrated from Argos to Phyllus near Larisa in Thessaly. [Strabo.9.5.5]

** Abas' son, Idmon, joined the Argonauts from Argos. Until then, the Abas family likely lived in Argos. [Apollo.1.139]

1247 BC | Melampus emigrated to Megara with his grandson, Coeranus. [Estimated from Paus.1.43.5 and Paus.1.44.5]

** Melampus likely emigrated not to Megara to purify Alcathus, but due to internal conflicts in Argos. [Paus.1.43.5]

1247 BC | Peleus defeated Amyntor of Dolopes in battle. Peleus took Amyntor's son, Crantor, as a hostage and made him his shield-bearer. [Ovid.Meta.12.341]

** Amyntor is thought to have been the son of Ctimenus, son of Actor of Dolopes, making him Peleus' cousin.

** Ctimenus's two sons, Eurydamas and Eurytion, participated in the Argonauts' expedition. [Hyginus.14]

1247 BC | Theseus performed feats on the way from Troezen to Athens. [Apo.3.16.1 - E.1.4, Plut.These.15]

** Theseus participated in the Argonauts' expedition from Troezen and the boar hunt in Calydon from Athens. [Hyginus.14, Apocalypse.1.8.2]

** Theseus had long heard of Heracles's fame and longed for greatness himself. [Plut.These.6]

** Greece was in turmoil because Heracles was with Omphale in Lydia. [Plut.These.6]

** When Theseus turned 16, he pushed up the rock, took his father's sword and sandals, and set out on a journey. [Paus.1.27.8]

** A sword and sandals were essential traveling equipment for men. They appear in six places in the Odyssey. [Home.Od.2.1, 4.306, 16.80, 17.1, 20.125, 21.340]

1247 BC | Jason and Medea were given charge of a city by the Corinthians. [Paus.2.3.10]

** Jason succeeded Corinthus. [Paus.2.3.10]

** However, Creon, mentioned in Euripides, likely succeeded Corinthus, and Jason likely succeeded Creon. [Medea.20]

** Jason lived in Corinth for 10 years before his expedition with Heracles in 1237 BC. [Apo.1.9.28]

1247 BC | Meleager, son of Oeneus, married Cleopatra (or Halcyone), daughter of Idas. [Paus.4.2.7]

1247 BC | Philammon, son of Daedalion, won a hymn-singing contest at the Pythia Festival. [Paus.10.7.2]

1246 BC | Calydonian boar hunt [Apo. 1.8.3, Home. 9.544, Hyginus. 173, Paus. 8.45.6-7, Strabo. 10.3.6]

** The fierce battle between the Aetolians and the Curetes lasted six days. [Bacchy. 5.100]

** Only Amphiaraus, son of Oecles, whose mother was Hypermnestra, daughter of Thestius of Pleuron, participated from Argos.

1246 BC | Peleus accidentally killed Eurytion of Phthia during a Calydonian boar hunt and was atoned for by Acastus, son of Pelias. [Apo. 1.8.2, Apo. 3.13.2]

1246 BC | Ischepolis, son of Alcathous, died during a Calydonian boar hunt. [Paus.1.42.6]

1246 BC | Alcathous of Megara killed his son Callipolis when he tried to inform him of Ischepolis' death. [Paus.1.42.6]

** Melampus visited Megara to purify Alcathous. [Paus.1.43.5]

** This story is likely a fabrication, linking the death of Alcathous' sons and Melampus's migration to Megara with the Calydonian boar hunt.

** Melampus' migration to Megara is likely due to internal conflicts in Argos.

1246 BC | Oeneus of Calydon attacked and captured Hipponous of Olenus in Aetolia, taking Periboea as a spoil. [Apo.1.8.4]

1246 BC | the Aenianians were driven out of Dotium by the Lapiths led by Ixion and his son Peirithous. [Strabo.9.4.10, Strabo.9.5.22]

** Some of the Aenianians migrated to the Auas River in Molossia and became known as the Parauaei. [Plut.QuestGr.13]

1246 BC | Peirithous, son of Ixion of Larisa, drove the Centaurs from Mount Pelion. [Apo.2.5.4, Diod.4.70.3, Paus.5.10.8]

** The Centaurs Cheiron lived around Mount Pelion, northeast of Iolcus in Thessaly. [Apo.2.5.4]

** Some of the Centaurs migrated to the region of Aethices, where the Peneius originates. [Strabo.9.5.19]

** Peleus also participated in the battle against the Centaurs. Peleus' shield-bearer, Crantor, son of Amyntor of Dolopes, was killed in battle. [Ovid.Meta.12.341]

** Peirithous claimed the area around Mount Pelion as his territory. [Strabo.9.5.19]

1246 BC | the Perrhaebians, driven by the Lapiths, migrated to the source of the Peneus River. [Strabo.6.2.4, Strabo.9.5.12, Strabo.9.5.19]

1246 BC | Theseus sided with the Lapiths in a battle against the Centaurs. [Plut.These.29]

** Theseus was present at Peirithous' wedding, which sparked the battle. [Diod.4.70.3]

** Butes, father of Hippodameia, wife of Peirithous, is thought to have been Theseus' cousin-in-law.

1246 BC | Theseus traveled from Phalerum to Crete as one of the tributes. [Paus.1.1.2, Paus.1.22.5, Plut.These.15]

** Tribute was paid every ninth year, the third time. [Plut.These.15, 17] The battle with Minos took place in 1264 BC (first tribute) and 1255 BC (second tribute).

** The Cretan kingship lasted for nine years. [Paus.3.2.4]

** Periboea, daughter of Alcathous of Megara, was also one of the tributes. [Paus.1.17.3; 1.42.2] Menesthes, son of Scirus' daughter, was also one of the tributes. [Plut.These.17]

** Minos himself came to welcome the tribute men and women. The Athenians provided the ships carrying the tribute, and the Salamians were at the helm. [Plut.These.17]

** Young Athenian men and women were sent to Crete as servants to be awarded to the winners of the games. [Plut.QuestGr.35, Plut.These.16]

** Their descendants, led by Botton, migrated to Macedonia and became known as the Bottiaeans. [Plut.QuestGr.35, Plut.These.16]

** Aristotle, in his "Constitution of Bottiaea," also mentions that young men and women were sent to Crete as slaves. [Plut.These.16]

1245 BC | Heracles returned to Tiryns after completing his service under Omphale. [Apo.2.6.4]

1245 BC | Heracles participated with Iolaus in the funeral games held by Acastus, son of Pelias of Iolcus. [Apo.3.13.2, Hyginus.273, Paus.5.17.9]

** Hyginus lists the games after those held during the Argonauts' expedition in his chronological order. [Hyginus.273]

1245 BC | Glaucus, son of Sisyphus, was trampled to death by a horse during Pelias's funeral games. [Hyginus.250, Hyginus.273, Paus.6.20.19]

1245 BC | Calliarus, son of Hodoedocus, founded the city of Calliarus near Cynus in Locris. [StephByz.K349.8]

1245 BC | Idas returned to Arene from Calydon.

1245 BC | Minos died.

** According to legend, Minos was killed by Cocalus of the Camic tribe, a sub-tribe of the Sicans, near the Camicus River in southwestern Sicily. [Diod.4.79.2]

** At the time of Theseus' marriage to Phaedra, Deucalion was the ruler of Crete. [Diod.4.62.1]

** Herodotus reports that the Trojan War occurred two generations after Minos' death. [Herod.7.171]

1245 BC | Staphylus, son of Ariadne, emigrated from Naxos to Peparethos. [Diod.5.79.2, Ps-Scym.566]

** Staphylus was accompanied by his brother Peparethus, and it is believed that the island's name changed to Peparethos after Staphylus left.

1245 BC | Oenopion, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, emigrated from Naxos to Chios. [Diod.5.79.1, Paus.7.4.8]

** Oenopion's sons, Talus, Euanthes, Melas, Salagus, and Athamas, also emigrated to Chios with their father. [Paus.7.4.8]

1245 BC | Enyeus, son of Ariadne, emigrated from Naxos to Cyrnus, across from Rhodes. [Diod.5.79.2, Schol.Home.Il.9.668]

1245 BC | the sons of Neleus migrated from Pylus to Lepreatic Pylus in southern Eleia. [Strabo.8.3.7]

1245 BC | Zarex, son of Petraeus, son of Carystus, migrated from Carystus to Delos. [This is presumed because Zarex's son Anius was a priest in Delos.]

1244 BC | Laomedon died. [Dictys.4.22, Home.20.220, Hyginus.89]

1244 BC | those who lost the battle for the Trojan throne fled to Miletus. [Inferred from wiki: Milawata letter]

** It is believed that Priam fled to Miletus, and that Aegestus, grandson of Phaenodamas, temporarily ascended to the throne of Troy.

** Aeneas' father, Anchises, is believed to have fled to Sicily with Aegestus (Acestes) after being attacked by Hattusili III.

** Aeneas was likely born in Sicily. He was the son of the elderly Anchises. [FGrH.Nr2.F39]

1244 BC | Philoctetes settled in Macalla, Croton, in southern Italy. [AristCorp.27.107, Strabo.6.2.5, TzeAdLyco.921-2]

** Philoctetes, son of Poeas, sailed with Anchises, accompanied by Aegestus, who was heading to Sicily. [Strabo.6.2.5]

** Philoctetes's migration was due to civil unrest in Meliboea, Magnesia. [Strabo.6.1.3]

1244 BC | the Mysians and Teucrians launched a major expedition from Thracia to the Ionian Sea. [Herod.7.20]

** Mygdon sided with Antenor and was driven from his home and settled in Paeonia. [Estimated from Diod.5.64.4, Herod.5.12-15, and Herod.7.20]

** At this time, the Mygdonians settled in Paeonia. [Diod.5.64.4, Herod.5.12-15]

** The Idaean Dactyli traveled to Europe with Mygdon. [Diod.5.64.4] They are believed to have later become engineers who helped Midas mine his wealth.

** The expedition to Troy is believed to have been carried out by Mygdon's descendants. [Dares. 18, Home. 2.848, Home. 21.136, Strabo. 7.8.2]

** In 490 BC | some of the Paeonians (Siropaeonians, Paeoplians) were exiled to Asia by Darius's general Megabyzus. [Herod. 5.12-15]

1244 BC | Heracles invaded Ilium. [Apo.2.6.4, Diod.4.32.3, Dares.2-3, Ovid.Meta.11.200, Tzetzes.2.440]

** Participants in the expedition: Heracles, Telamon, Oecles [Apo.2.6.4, Diod.4.32.3-5]

** Participants in the expedition: Heracles, Telamon, Peleus, Castor, Pollux, Nestor [Dares.3]

** The expedition was launched in revenge for the mistreatment of Laomedon off the coast of Troy, where the Argonauts had stopped. [Dares.2]

** At this time, Heracles sent letters to gather allies. [Dares.3]

** Laomedon's daughter, Hesione, was given to Telamon. [Apo.2.6.4, Ovid.Meta.11.200]

** The inhabitants of Salamis in Cyprus at the time of its founding were Trojans. [Athen.256b]

** It is believed that the descendants of Teucer, ruler of Salamis, invented the story that Teucer's mother was Hesione in order to subjugate the inhabitants. [Apo.3.12.7, Hyginus.97]

1244 BC | Heracles fought Eurypylus, son of Astypalaea of Cos, on his way back from Ilium. [Apo.2.7.1, Tzetzes.2.440]

** The story of Heracles and Cos is thought to be fiction, but if it did exist, it is assumed to have taken place as follows:

** Merops, the ruler of Cos, was pursued by Eurypylus, the husband of his daughter Clytia. [Calli.Hym.4.153]

** Heracles fought Eurypylus to bring Merops back. [FGrH.Nr333.F78]

** Chalcodon, who wounded Heracles at this time, was Eurypylus' son. [Apo.2.7.1, ComTheocId.7.5]

1244 BC | Heracles left Cos and fought and defeated giants at Phlegra. [Apo.2.7.1, Tzetzes.2.440]

** Phlegra in Campania, Italy [Diod.4.21.7, Strabo.6.3.5], Phlegra on the Chalcidice Peninsula [Strabo.7.8.3], and Phlegra at an unknown location [Apo.2.7.1, Tzetzes.2.440]. In either case, these are likely fictional.

1244 BC | Heracles fought against Eurymedon, son of Minos, and his allies on the island of Paros. [Apo.2.5.9]

** This is an event from Heracles' ninth labor, but the stories about the Amazons, Paros, and Thasus are likely fictional.

1244 BC | Alcaeus and Sthenelus, sons of Minos' son Androgeus, emigrated from Paros to Thasus. [Apo.2.5.9]

1244 BC | the sons of Neleus of Pylus in southern Eleia fought against the Arcadians over the possession of Chaa. [Home.Il.7.132, Paus.8.11.4, Strabo.8.3.21]

** At that time, Lycurgus was king of Arcadia, but due to his advanced age, Cepheus of Psophis likely took over as king. [FGrH.Nr333.F158]

** Alternatively, Lycurgus may have died of illness during the campaign. His tomb was not in Tegea but in Lepreus near Chaa. [Paus.5.5.5]

1244 BC | Augeas' eldest son, Phyleus, emigrated from Elis to Dulichium (Dulichia) in Acarnania. [Apo.2.5.5, Diod.4.33.4, Home.Il.2.625]

** Dulichium, where Phyleus emigrated, is likely not an island in the Echinades, but Paleis in the western part of Cephallenia. [Paus.5.5.5]

1244 BC | Talaus' son, Adrastus, married Demonassa. [Hyginus.71]

** Since their daughter, Deipyla, must be born in 1243 BC | this marriage is estimated to have occurred in this year.

1244 BC | Augeas held the games at Olympia. [Paus. 5.8.3]

1243 BC | Alcmena, widowed by her second husband, Rhadamanthus, and moved from Boeotia to Tiryns to be with Heracles. [Inferred from Diod. 4.33.2]

** When Heracles moved from Tiryns to Pheneus, his mother Alcmena was with him, so it is likely that they lived together around this time. [Diod. 4.33.2]

1243 BC | Heracles prepared his first army for the attack on Elis. [Apo. 2.7.2]

** The account that the attack on Elis was due to unpaid wages is likely fictional. [Diod. 4.33.1, Paus. 5.1.9]

1243 BC | Augeas learned of Heracles' movements and appointed Actor's sons, Cteatus and Eurytus, as commanders. [Apo.2.7.2, Paus.5.1.10]

1243 BC | Heracles fought an inconclusive battle with Augeas of Elis. [Diodorus.4.33.1, Apo.2.7.3, Paus.5.2.1]

** Dameon, son of Philius, also participated, but was killed by Cteatus, son of Actor. [Paus.6.20.16]

** Diodorus reports that after this battle, Heracles stayed with Dexamenus in the city of Olenus in Achaia. [Diodorus.4.33.1]

** However, Dexamenus' twin daughters were married to Actor's sons, so it is unlikely that Heracles would have stayed with the enemy. [Paus.5.3.3]

1243 BC | Heracles fell ill and a truce was called. [Apo.2.7.2]

1243 BC | Heracles's sons, learning of his illness, attacked him and killed many. [Apo.2.7.2]

1243 BC | Heracles' half-brother Iphicles died of battle wounds in Pheneus, Arcadia. [Apo.2.7.3, Paus.8.14.9]

** Iphicles is also said to have been killed in battle at Lacedaemon. [Plut.Mor.492d]

1243 BC | Amarynceus died. Funeral games were held at Buprasium in Eleia. [Home.Il.23.624]

** Amarynceus was an ally of Augeas of Elis, but he does not appear in the battle with Heracles. [Paus.5.1.10]

** If the funeral games were held, they occurred before the battle with Heracles began and Actor's twin sons were killed.

1243 BC | Heracles attacked and killed Actor's sons, Ceatas and Eurytus, at Cleonae while they were traveling from Hyrmina to Isthmus. [Apo.2.7.2, Diod.4.33.4, Paus.5.2.1]

** Aelianus reports that 360 Cleonaeans who assisted Heracles were killed in the battle. [Aelia.4.5]

** However, since Molione, the mother of Actor's sons, investigated the perpetrators, it appears that the assassination was carried out by a small group. [Paus.5.2.2]

** Pausanias reports that Heracles killed them with arrows. [Paus.2.15.1]

** At that time, Cleonae was inhabited by its founder, Atreus. Atreus' father, Pelops, was Heracles' maternal great-grandfather.

** Heracles was in Tiryns when Elis called on Argos to punish the attackers, so the attack on Cleonae occurred before Heracles was banished from Tiryns. [Paus.5.2.1]

1243 BC | Heracles, along with Alcmena, Iphicles, and Iolaus, emigrated from Tiryns to Pheneus in Arcadia. [Diod.4.33.2]

** It is believed that Eurystheus could not tolerate Elis's demands and forced Heracles to leave.

** At this time, Eurystheus likely had little power, as his sons had not yet reached adulthood.

1243 BC | Thamyris, son of Philammon, won the hymn-singing contest at the Pythia Festival. [Paus. 10.7.2]

1243 BC | Mopsus, son of Ampycus, migrated north-northeast from Oechalia and founded Mopsium near Gyrton. [Hyginus. 14, Strabo. 9.5.22]

1242 BC | Nestor married Eurydice (or Anaxibia), daughter of Clymenus, from Orchomenus. [Home.Od.3.452, Hyginus.97, Apo.1.9.9]

1241 BC | Theseus married Phaedra, daughter of Minos. [Diod.4.62.1]

** Minos' son Deucalion gave Phaedra in marriage to Theseus in order to forge an alliance with the Athenians. [Diod.4.62.1]

** The Minotaur legend likely originated from Theseus' victory over Minos' son Asterius (also known as the Minotaur) in a tournament. [Apo.3.1.4, Paus.2.31.1]

** Ceramus, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, the namesake of the Cerameicus district, likely emigrated to Athens with Theseus' wife, Phaedra. [Paus.1.3.1]

** Ceramicus was the Potters' Quarter. [Pliny.35.45.1]

** Cerameis comes from the potter's craft and Ceramus. [Suda.ka.1360]

1241 BC | Theseus stopped on the island of Delos on his way back from Crete to Athens. [Plut.These.21]

** The priest of Delos is presumably Zarex, son of Carystus, son of Chiron, father of Aegeus, father of Theseus. [Plut.These.21]

1241 BC | Hippolytus, son of Theseus and the Amazon Antiope, emigrated to Troezen to succeed his grandfather Pittheus. [Diod.4.62.1]

1241 BC | the Centaurs, driven from Mount Pelion, made Mount Pholoe in Arcadia their base and engaged in banditry. [Apo.2.5.4]

1241 BC | Heracles fought against the Centaurs of Mount Pholoe. [Apo.2.5.4]

** Heracles cooperated with Cepheus of Tegea in this battle, and thereafter Heracles added the Arcadians to his military forces.

1241 BC | the Centaur Chiron died in Malea, Arcadia. [Apo.2.5.4]

1241 BC | Heracles was atoned for the murder of the Centaurs by Eumolpus of Eleusis. [Apo.2.5.12]

1241 BC | Heracles prepared a second expedition to Elis, composed of Argives, Thebans, and Arcadians. [Paus.5.3.1]

** The Epeians of Dyme in Achaia also participated in Heracles' expedition to Elis. [Strabo.8.3.9]

** The Argives were likely led by Oecles and Amphiaraus, sons of Mantius.

** Due to internal conflicts in Argos, the only descendants of Melampus and Bias remaining in Argos were the family of Oecles.

1241 BC | Bellerophontes, son of Glaucus, emigrated from Isthmus to Xanthus in Lycia and married Philonoe, daughter of Iobates. [Apo.2.3.2, Tzetzes.7.850]

** Iobates was the son of Lycus, son of Pandion, and is believed to have summoned Bellerophontes to fight against the surrounding tribes (Solymi). [Strabo.12.8.5]

** Nisus, father of Bellerophontes' mother, Eurynome, was the brother of Iobates' father, Lycus. Bellerophontes and Philonoe were second cousins.

** Proetus wrote a letter to Iobates. [Apo.2.3.1] Proetus lived more than 100 years before Bellerophontes and is believed to have been unable to write letters.

1240 BC | Heracles fought against Augeas of Elis and captured the city. [Apo.2.7.2, Diod.4.33.4, Paus.5.3.1]

** Pylus and Pisa of Eleia joined Elis in the defense. [Paus.5.3.1]

** Hippocoon also sided with Neleus. [Apo.2.7.3]

1240 BC | Heracles' expedition to Pisa, in which he had joined Elis, was called off by an oracle. [Paus.5.3.1]

** Neither Apollodorus nor Diodorus mentions Pisa's participation in Elis; only Pausanias reports it. It is believed not to have actually occurred.

** After Pelops' death, Elis took control of Olympia in place of Pisa and began to exert influence over Pisa, including hosting the Olympic Games.

** It is believed that Eurystheus, upon receiving a petition from Pisa, ordered Heracles to attack Elis. [Apo.2.4.5, Paus.5.8.3]

** Eurystheus and Heracles were descendants of Pelops of Pisa.

1240 BC | Heracles fought against Neleus of Pylus and captured the city. [Apo.2.7.3]

** The Pylus destroyed by Heracles was not the Pylus in Messenia, but the Pylus near Elis.

** Pausanias reports that Heracles campaigned against Pylus in Eleia. [Paus.6.25.2]

** Pausanias reports that the ruins of Pylus destroyed by Heracles were in Eleia. [Paus.6.22.5]

** All 12 sons of Neleus were killed except for Nestor. [Aelia.4.5, Apocalypse.2.7.3, Strabo.8.3.28]

1240 BC | Heracles summoned Phyleus, the son of Augeas, to Elis. [Diod.4.33.4]

** Heracles granted Phyleus's request and showed mercy by pardoning Augeas and returning his captives. [Paus.5.3.3]

1240 BC | Heracles killed Lepreus, ruler of Lepreus in southern Eleia, in single combat. [Aelia.1.24, Athen.412a]

** Lepreus was Heracles' enemy when Heracles demanded payment from Augeas of Elis. [Aelia.1.24]

1240 BC | Heracles made a pledge with the sons of Neleus at Stenyclerus in Messenia. [Paus.4.15.8]

** The pledge likely refers to Nestor in Gerenia and the sons of Neleus's sons who died in battle.

** Upon the return of the Heracleidae, Heracles allegedly entrusted Pylus to Nestor. [Paus.2.18.7]

** Like the fraudulent lottery, this is likely a Dorian invention. Heracles is believed never to have set foot in Messenia.

1240 BC | Evander led a colony from Pallantium in Arcadia to Rome and founded Pallantium. [Antiq.1.31.1-4, Paus.8.43.2]

** 60th year before the Trojan War. [Antiq.1.31.1]

** Faunus welcomed Evander and gave him land. [Antiq.1.31.2, Ita.6.579, Just.43.1]

** The Arcadians brought the alphabet to Italy. [Antiq.1.33.4, Euseb.Chron.269, Hyginus.277, Livius.1.7]

** Evander likely introduced the Pelasgic alphabet, which had been in use since the time of Homer, rather than the Greek alphabet, to Italy. [Diod.3.67.5]

** Evander's colony departed from Cyllene, the outer port of Elis. [DionyGuide.34]

** The 2nd century AD epic poet Dionysius of Alexandria reports that "the Pelasgians, who lived next to the Tyrrhenians on the western side of the Italian peninsula, came from Cyllene." [DionyGuide.34]

** Evander likely traveled overland to Cyllene, northwest of Elis, using the great road from Tegea to Olenus.

** Tegea, Heraea, Olympia, Elis, and Olenus were the ancient great road (the Arkadhia road [Leake M.1.023]).

1240 BC | the Epeans and Pheneans accompanying Evander drove out the Sicels and settled in the Saturnian hills. [Antiq.1.34.2, Antiq.2.1.4]

1240 BC | Evander's brothers, Catillus, Coras, and Tiburnus, founded Tibur. [Solinus.2.6, SerCVAene.7.670]

1240 BC | the Sicels, driven by the Pelasgians and Aborigines, migrated to southern Italy. [FGrH.3.228]

** This was the 26th year of Alcyone's priestessship in Argos, two generations before the Trojan War. (1186 + 27 * 2 = 1240) [Antiq.1.22.3, FGrH.3.228]

** Alcyone was ordained in 1265 BC. (1240 + 26 - 1 = 1265) If Alcyone was ordained at age 18, she was born in 1283 BC. ** Alcyone is thought to have been the sister of Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus of Mycenae. [Apo. 2.4.5, Diod. 4.12.7]

1240 BC | the Sicels migrated to Sicily after being driven by the Oenotrians. [Antiq. 1.22.3, Strabo. 6.1.6]

** At this time, Morgetes also migrated to Sicily and founded Morgantium. [Strabo. 6.2.4, Strabo. 6.1.6]

** Three generations before the Trojan War, in the 26th year of Alcyone's priesthood in Argos. [Antiq. 1.22.3]

** The leader of the migrating Sicels was Straton. [Antiq. 1.22.5]

** The migrants were the Ausonians, led by Sicelus, who gave his name to the tribe and island. [Antiq.1.22.3]

1240 BC | the Pelasgians migrated from Sicily to Acarnania due to the chaos caused by the Sicel migration. [Paus.1.28.3, Diod.19.53, Strabo.9.2.3]

1240 BC | Norax, grandson of Geryones, founded Nora, the island's oldest city, in southeastern Sardinia. [Paus.10.17.5]

1240 BC | Crisus, son of Phocus, migrated from Naubolenses to near Delpi and founded Cirra (later Crisa). [Euri.Scho.Or.33.1]

1239 BC | Heracles held the games at Olympia. [Apo.2.7.2, Paus.5.8.3]

** Heracles held the games during the reign of Aegeus, king of Athens. [Euseb.185]

** The Olympic Games, held by successive powerful men, are thought to have caused Eurystheus to develop hostility toward Heracles.

1239 BC | Aegeus died. Theseus became king of Athens. [Diod.4.61.8, Plut.These.24]

1239 BC | Heracles defeated Hippocoon in battle at Amyclae and Sparta. [Apo.2.7.3, Diod.4.33.6, Tzetzes.2.450]

** According to legend, Heracles attacked Hippocoon because he requested absolution and was refused. [Paus.3.15.3]

** In fact, it is believed that the battle was at the request of Cepheus of Tegea.

** Half of Hippocoon's sons lived in Sparta, he and his remaining sons lived in Amyclae, and Icarius lived in Pharis. [Paus.3.14.7, 3.15.1]

** Cepheus and his 17 sons were killed in battle with Hippocoon. [Apo.2.7.3, Diod.4.33.6]

1238 BC | the Sphinx revolt approached Thebes, and Creon's son Haemon was killed in battle. [Apo.3.5.8]

1238 BC | Oedipus returned to Thebes with the Corinthians and put down the Sphinx revolt. [Paus.9.5.10, Paus.9.26.2]

** Oedipus' sons, Eteocles and Polyneices, did not participate in the battle against Sphinx; Adrastus likely accompanied Oedipus.

** Sphinx's rebellion is believed to have been part of the "Sea Peoples."

** Sphinx appeared off the coast of Anthedon with numerous ships and established a base on a mountain about 550 meters above sea level, approximately 27 km west-southwest of Anthedon, where he ravaged the surrounding area. [Paus.9.26.2]

** The Boeotians called "treacheries" "riddles" (see Athen.456b). [August.City.18.13]

1238 BC | Adrastus made peace with Amphiaraus and returned to Argos. [FGrH.Nr12.F29, Dic: Amphiaraus]

1238 BC | Talaus' daughter, Eriphyle, married Amphiaraus. [Apo.1.9.13, Diod.4.65.6, Hyginus.71]

** Marriage was a condition of reconciliation. [Pind.Ne.9.15]

1238 BC | Bellerophontes led an expedition to combat the Amazons' invasion of the Troid. [Home.Il.6.191, Strabo.12.8.6]

** Bellerophontes' expedition was likely ordered by the Hittites, and likely occurred before Hittite influence had weakened.

** It is likely that Bellerophontes in Lycia, which also came under Hittite control, was sent to support Wilusa (Troy).

** As a result, some Lycians settled around Zeleia near the Aesepus River, giving rise to Lycia in the Troid region. [Strabo.12.4.6]

** The Caucones, who had migrated from Lepreus in Eleia to Lycia, likely also migrated to Tieium on the southern shore of the Black Sea at this time.

1238 BC | Heracles emigrated to Calydon in Aetolia after living in Pheneus in Arcadia for five years. [Diod.4.34.1]

** Because Heracles was associated with many Arcadians, he likely left Peloponnesus to avoid being viewed as an enemy by Eurystheus. [Diod.4.34.1]

** Eurystheus likely urged Heracles to leave Pheneus through his wife's grandfather, Lycurgus, the ruler of Arcadia.

1238 BC | Heracles married Deianeira, daughter of Oeneus of Calydon. [Diod. 4.34.1]

1238 BC | Heracles established a large irrigation area in Calydon via the Achelous River. [Diod. 4.34.1, 4.35.3, Strabo. 10.2.19]

** Heracles likely irrigated Paracheloitis (the flooded area near the mouth of the Achelous River). [Strabo. 10.2.19]

** The Achelous River flowed west of Calydon, west of Pleuron and Curetes. Oeneus's rule likely extended to this area.

1237 BC | Heracles led the Calydonians on an expedition to the land of the Thesprotians, killed Phyleus, and occupied Ephyra. [Apo. 2.7.6, Diod. 4.36.1]

** The Thesprotians' land was located northwest of Acarnania, with their center at Ephyra. Later, Dodona also came under his control. [Strabo.7.7.11]

** There is a legend that Heracles freed Theseus, who had been held captive by Aidoneus of the Molossians. [Plut.Thess.35]

** According to this legend, Theseus lost his power as king of Athens during Heracles' lifetime. However, after Heracles' death, Theseus sided with Heracles' sons against Eurystheus's attack. [Diod.4.57.6]

** Phyleus, son of Augeas, also participated in this expedition and received a breastplate from Euphetes, who was an enemy of Ephyra. [Home.Il.15.531]

** Jason and his sons also participated in this expedition. Mermerus was killed in battle, but Pheres captured Ephyra, and Jason captured the island of Corcyra. [Paus.2.3.9]

** Before the Trojan War, Odysseus visited Ilus, son of Mermerus, son of Pheres, who lived in Ephyra, to seek poison for his arrows. [Home.Od.1.261]

** Icarius and his two sons, Alyzeus and Leucadius, likely also participated in this expedition. [Strabo.10.2.9]

** Ornytion, son of Sisyphus of Corinth, likely also participated in this expedition. [Inferred from Paus.2.3.11]

** Polyidus, son of Coeranus, son of Abas, son of Melampus, likely also participated in this expedition. Polyidus lived in Corinth. [Home.Il.13.663]

** Polyidus married Eurydameia, daughter of Phyleus, who lived in Dulichium, Acarnania. [FGrH.Nr333.F115]

** This marriage was likely made possible by Phyleus's participation in an expedition.

** This expedition was likely the idea of Jason, who had settled on the farthest island of Corcyra.

** Jason, who had traveled to Thebes with Oedipus, likely learned of the riches of the area around Corcyra from the Sphinx (sea people) he had ravaged.

1237 BC | Jason emigrated from Corinth to Corcyra. [Paus.2.3.9]

** Jason's migration was likely motivated by the death of his wife, Medea.

** Jason was accompanied by Mermerus and Pheres, sons of Medea. [Paus.2.3.9]

1237 BC | Taphius, son of Helius, emigrated from the Echinades Islands to the island of Taphos. [Inferred from Apo.2.4.5]

1237 BC | Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, inherited Corinth from Jason. [Home.Il.6.144, Paus.2.3.11]

1237 BC | Oebalus, son of Telon, led the Teleboans from Acarnania to Capreae (near Neapolis) on the Italian peninsula. [Dic:Oebalus, Virg.Aene.7.713]

** Oebalus settled near the Achelous River, and his daughter, Peirene, became the wife of Sisyphus' son, Ornytion. [Inferred from Paus.2.3.11 and the river's name and date]

1237 BC | Icarius' sons, Leucadius and Alyzeus, founded the cities of Leucas and Alyzia. [Strabo.10.2.9]

** At that time, Leucas was not an island but a peninsula. [Strabo.1.3.18, Ps.Scylax.34]

1237 BC | while staying in Ephyra, Heracles instructed Iolaus to colonize the island of Sardinia. [Apo.2.7.6]

** Heracles likely learned from Omphale about the Maeonias' colonization of Sardinia and other islands. [Herod.1.94, Strabo.5.2.2]

** Some legends say that the decision to colonize Sardinia was based on an oracle. [Diod.4.29.3]

1237 BC | Heracles and Dianeira had a son, Hyllus. [Paus.3.18.11]

1237 BC | Tyndareus emigrated from Aetolia to Sparta. [Apo.2.7.3, Diod.4.33.5, Tzetzes.2.450]

** When the Heracleidae returned, they raised the cause that their ancestor Heracles had entrusted Sparta to Tyndareus. [Paus.2.18.7]

** Although Tyndareus was supposedly sent back by Heracles, it is likely that he returned of his own volition to Sparta, now that Hippocoon and Icarius were gone.

1237 BC | Tyndareus' sons (Dioscuri) seized two daughters of Leucippus of Andania and made them their wives. [Paus.3.18.11]

** After this, Eurytus of Oechalia near Andania was also expelled, so it is likely that Leucippus was killed in battle and his daughters were taken prisoner.

** The Dioscuri lived in Therapne. [Pind.Py.11.54]

1237 BC | Eurytus of Oechalia in Messenia was attacked and exiled by Tyndareus of Sparta. [Paus.3.18.11]

1237 BC | Eurytus migrated to Euboea and founded the third Oechalia. [Strabo.10.1.10]

** Eurytus also founded Melaneis (later Eretria), named after his father Melaneus. [Strabo.10.1.10, StephByz.E276.3]

1237 BC | The Battle of Nihriya

** Tudhaliya IV was defeated in battle by King Sulmanu-asared I of Assyria. [wiki: Battle of Niḫriya]

1237 BC | the rebellion of Electryon's son Celaeneus (Piyama-Radu) ended. [wiki: Piyama-Radu]

** Piyama-Radu's rebellion continued from Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC) to Tudhaliya IV (1237-09 BC). [wiki: Piyama-Radu]

** As the Hittites' power weakened and their involvement in Asia Minor diminished, it seems that there was no longer any need to rebel against them.

** The migration of the Arcadians led by Telephus to Mysia attests to this.

1236 BC | Hattusili III destroyed Yalanda, where Piyama-Radu was rebelling. [wiki: Yalanda]

** Hattusili III encountered an ambush by Piyama-Radu's brother Lahurzi, but repelled them. [wiki: Yalanda]

** Yalanda is located west of Wallarima, on the border of Ahhiyawa's territory. [wiki: Yalanda]

** Wallarima is located on the coast near the southern border of Arzawa. [wiki: Wallarima]

1236 BC | Milawata letter (CTH 182)

** Letter from a Hittite king, possibly Hattusili III (1265-35 BC), to his vassal king, Milawata. [wiki: Milawata letter]

** The Hittite king requests that Wilusa hand over Walmu to the Hittites. [Milawata letter]

** Priam's rival for the throne is likely one of Laomedon's sons.

** Miletus is married to Laomedon's daughter, Hesione. It is believed that a rival for the throne in Wilusa fled to Miletus.

** The recipient's father was an enemy of the Hittite king, who installed him as king. [wiki: Milawata letter]

** The recipient's father is Miletus <Atpa>, who is believed to have died in battle with the Hittites.

** The letter mentions Piyama-Radu as a past figure. [wiki: Milawata letter]

1236 BC | Polybus of Sicyon died in his 40th year of reign. [Euseb.175]

1236 BC | Adrastus, son of Lysianassa, daughter of Polybus, succeeded his grandfather as king of Sicyon (for 4 years) [Euseb.175, Paus.2.6.6]

1236 BC | Iolaus set out from Athens with the sons of Thespius' daughters [Diod.4.29.1, Paus.1.29.5]

1236 BC | Iolaus founded Olbia in northeastern Sardinia [Paus.10.17.5]

1236 BC | Heracles and Deianeira had a son, Ctesippus [Apo.2.7.8, Hesiod.98]

1236 BC | Peleus exiled the Minyans, who had murdered Acastus, son of Pelias of Iolcus. [Apo.3.13.7, FGrH.Nr333.F62, Strabo.9.5.15]

** The destruction of Iolcus was caused by a revolt by the Minyans against Acastus' tyranny over Iolcus. [Strabo.9.5.15]

** In 511 BC | Iolcus was mentioned as a possible destination for Hippias's exile. [Herod.5.94]

** In 290 BC | when Demetrias was founded, Iolcus still existed as a town but was absorbed. [Strabo.9.5.15]

** Strabo writes that Iolcus remains destroyed, but this appears to be the central part of the town. [Strabo.9.5.15]

** The 5th-century BC lyric poet Pindar reports that Peleus captured Thetis when he destroyed Iolcus. [Pind.Ne.3.30, FGrH.Nr333.F62]

** Thetis is believed to have been the wife of Acastus' son. [Inferred from FGrH.Nr333.F62]

1236 BC | the Minyans, who lived around Iolcus, emigrated to the island of Lemnos.

** It is believed that this is when the Minyans, who were later expelled by the Pelasgians, settled on Lemnos.

1236 BC | Admetus, son of Pheres, who lived in Pherae, fled to Tamynae in Euboea. [Inferred from FGrH.Nr325.F9]

** There were also Minyans who emigrated to Pherae in Thessaly with Periclymene, daughter of Minyas, mother of Admetus.

** Admetus, the husband of Pelias' daughter Alcestis, was also caught up in the rebellion and fled to Theseus, the son of Alcestis's previous husband, Hippasus. [FGrH.Nr325.F9]

** After Hippasus' death, Alcestis remarried Admetus, taking his son Theseus with her. [FGrH.Nr325.F9]

1236 BC | Laertes, the son of Arcesius, married Anticlia, the daughter of Autolycus of Parnassus. [Apo.E.3.12, Hyginus.97]

** Philonis (or Chione), the mother of Anticlia's father, Autolycus, was fathered by Pandion.

** Cephalus, the father of Arcesius, Laertes' father, was fathered by Pandion.

** Thus, Laertes and Anticlia were second cousins.

1235 BC | Ormenus, son of Cercaphus, founded Ormenium southeast of Iolcus. [Strabo.9.5.18]

** Ormenus, a Lapith, likely assisted Iolcus in his expulsion of the Minyans and gained access to the Pagasaean Gulf.

** Ormenus' mother was Eupolemia, daughter of Myrmidon. Peleus was the son of Ormenus' maternal cousin, Aeacus.

** 1235 BC | Heracles accidentally murdered his relative Ennomus (Eurynomus), son of Architeles, in the home of Oeneus. [Apo.2.7.6, Athen.410f, Diod.4.36.2, Tzetzes.2.450]

** This was three years after Heracles' marriage to Deianeira. [Diod.4.36.2]

1235 BC | Heracles killed the Centaur Nessus at the Evenus River east of Calydon on his way to Trachis. [Apo.2.7.6, Diod.4.36.5, Strabo.10.2.5, Tzetzes.2.450]

** Nessus, a surviving Centaur, engaged in banditry in strategic locations along the roads from Aetolia to Phocis and Thessaly.

1235 BC | a group of settlers led by Iapyx, son of Daedalus, migrated from Crete to the southeastern Italian peninsula. [Herod.7.170, Pliny.3.102, Strabo.6.3.2, Strabo.6.3.6]

** Iapyx is said to have founded Hyria, but it is believed that it was founded by Messapus. [Based on Messapus's birthplace, Hyria]

** According to legend, Iapyx was searching for Glaucus. [Athen.523a]

** Iapyx is believed to have been involved in the same colonization activities as Botton and others. [Strabo.6.3.2, Strabo.7.8.2]

1235 BC | a group of Cretan settlers led by Botton migrated overland from the Adriatic Sea to Macedonia and settled there. [Strabo.6.3.2, Strabo.7.8.2]

** A little north of Pella was Europus, founded by Macedon, son of Aeolus, and Europus, son of Oreithyia, daughter of Cecrops. [StephByz.E287.14]

** The Bottiaeans, driven by the Argeadae, migrated to the land adjacent to the Chalcidians. They remained there during the time of Thucydides. [Thucy.2.99]

** The Bottiaeans founded colonies in Bithynia. First, they called Ankore, then Antigoneia, and finally Nikaia, named after Nikaia, wife of Lysimachos. [StephByz.N474.17]

1235 BC | Cleolaus, son of Minos, migrated from Crete to the southeastern part of the Italian peninsula. The tribe was called Daunii after his son Daunus. [Solinus.2.6]

** Euippe, daughter of Daunus, son of Cleolaus, married Diomedes, son of Tydeus. [Ovid.Meta.14.500, Dic: Daunus]

1235 BC | Idomeneus, son of Deucalion, son of Minos, emigrated from Crete to Calabria. [Estimated from SerCVAene.3.121]

** Calabria is another name for Messapia, Iapygia, and Salentina. [Strabo.6.3.5]

** Idomeneus likely migrated from Crete to the Italian peninsula with Iapyx.

1235 BC | Oeagrus, son of Pierus, emigrated from Thespiae in Boeotia to Pimpleia near Mount Olympus. [Nonnus.13.428]

1235 BC | Heracles traveled from Calydon through the land of Dryopes and arrived at Ceyx in Trachis. [Apo. 2.7.7, Diod. 4.36.5, Paus. 1.32.6]

** Eurystheus likely urged Calydon to expel Heracles through Amphiaraus, son of Oecles, of Argos.

** 1247 BC | Eurystheus likely assisted Melampus' son Mantius, his son Oecles, and his grandson Amphiaraus in returning to Argos.

** Ceyx was likely the son of Actor, son of the Myrmidon, and the brother of Menoetius, father of Patroclus, Heracles's close friend. [Home.2.681, Paus.1.32.6]

** The Melians, led by Ceyx, are believed to be a branch of the Aenianians, driven by Lapiths from the Dotium plain near Ossa. [Apo.2.7.7, Strabo.9.5.22]

1235 BC | Plisthenes, son of Atreus, traveled from Crete to Cleonae to marry Aerope (or Eriphyle), daughter of Catreus. [Apo.3.2.2, Euri.Scho.Or.5.1, Dictys.1.1]

** It is believed that Phliasus, who lived in Phlius, made the long-distance marriage between Crete and Cleonae possible.

** Aerope, daughter of Catreus, and Phliasus, son of Ariadne, were cousins, sharing a common grandfather, Minos.

1235 BC | Thyestes, son of Pelops, died on the island of Cythera.

** When Eurystheus died in 1217 BC and Atreus inherited Mycenae, Thyestes was likely already dead.

1235 BC | Ormenus, son of Cercaphus, migrated from Itonus to the east of Iolcus and founded Ormenion. [Strabo.9.5.21]

1234 BC | Oedipus married Astymedusa, daughter of Sthenelus of Mycenae. [FGrH.Nr333.F95]

** Creon disliked the Argives, due in part to his feud with Heracles. [Dic:Creon]

** This marriage is thought to have been the reason Oedipus was exiled from Thebes.

** Oedipus likely met Astymedusa of Mycenae while he was in Tenea, Corinth.

1234 BC | Heracles and Astyoché, daughter of Phyleus of Ephyra, had a son, Toepolemus. [Apo.2.7.8, Home.2.653]

1234 BC | Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, was born in Phthia. [Pind.Py.3.100]

1234 BC | Nauplius, son of Clytonaeus, married Clymene, daughter of Catreus. [Apo.2.1.5, Dictys.1.1]

1233 BC | Hypsipyle, daughter of Thoas, married Pronax, son of Talaus, who lived in Nemea. [Estimated from Apo.3.6.4]

1233 BC | Heracles and Deianeira had a son, Hodites. [Diod.4.37.2, Paus.4.30.1, Apo.2.7.8, Hesiod.98]

1232 BC | Adrastus, son of Talaus, ruled Sicyon for four years and returned to Argos. [Euseb.175, Paus.2.6.6]

1232 BC | Iolaus stayed in Sicily on his way back to Greece. [Diod.4.30.3]

** This is presumably the location of Camici in the south-central part of Sicily, where Daedalus was staying. [Strabo.6.2.6]

1231 BC | Iolaus returned to Trachis from Sardinia. [Diod.4.30.3]

1230 BC | Heracles and Deianeira had a daughter, Macaria. [Paus.1.32.6, Plut.Pelo.21]

1230 BC | Ornytion founded Lechaeum on the Corinthian Gulf and Cenchreae on the Saronic Gulf. [Paus.2.2.3]

1230 BC | Phocus, son of Ornytion, emigrated from Corinth to Tithorea in Phocis. [Paus.2.4.3]

1230 BC | Phoenix, son of Amyntor of Ormenium, fled to Peleus in Phthia and was granted Dolopia. [Home.9.430, Strabo.9.5.11]

** Peleus was the son of Aeacus, the son of Actor, the brother of Eupolemeia, the mother of Ormenus, the father of Amyntor, the father of Phoenix.

** Thus, Peleus was a second cousin of Phoenix's father, Amyntor.

** Phoenix's exile was the result of a dispute with his father, Amyntor. [Home.Il.9.430-]

** Phoenix was given Ctimene by Peleus. [StephByz.A388.17]

** Phoenix lived in Ctimene in Dolopia, near the border with Phthia. [Home.Il.9.484, StephByz.A388.17]

1230 BC | Heracles expelled the Dryopians. [Diod. 4.37.1, Herod. 8.43, Paus. 4.34.9-10]

** Diodorus writes that Heracles killed Phylas, the Dryopes' king, for disrespecting the temple at Delphi, and expelled the Dryopians. [Diod. 4.37.1]

** Herodotus and Pausanias, without mentioning Delphi, write that the Dryopians were expelled by Heracles. [Herod. 8.43, Paus. 4.34.9-10]

** Pausanias's "Historia of the Sack of Delphi" does not mention this either. [Paus. 10.7.1]

** After the Dryopians were expelled, the land was given to the Melians. [Diod. 4.37.1]

** This suggests that Heracles sided with the Melians in their conflict with the Dryopians and expelled them.

** The Dryopians were driven out by Heracles and the Melians. [Diod. 4.37.1, Herod. 8.43]

** The Dryopians came to Dryopis from the region around the Spercheius River. [Strabo. 8.6.13, Strabo. 9.5.9]

** Dryops, three generations before Phylas, who was killed by Heracles, founded Dryops next to Lycoritae near Parnassus. [Paus. 4.34.9]

** Driven out by Heracles, the Dryopians fled to Eurystheus and founded Asine in Argolis. [Diod. 4.37.2]

** Later, the Dryopians were driven out of Asine by the Argives and settled in Lacedaemon. [Paus. 4.8.3]

** Hermione was home to the Dryopians driven out by Heracles. [Herod.8.43]

** Phylas's father is believed to have been Cragaleus. [Antoninus.4]

** The 4th century BC Athenian statesman Aeschines' speech "Against Ctesiphon" (107) mentions Cragalidae, who blasphemed Delphi.

** Diodorus writes that the Dryopians, driven out by Heracles, founded Carystus in southeastern Euboea. [Diodorus.4.37.2]

** Diodorus appears to confuse Carystus with nearby Styra.

** Before being driven out by Heracles, the Dryopians founded Styra in Euboea. [Paus.4.34.11]

** Some Dryopians also likely settled on the island of Cythnos, near Ceos. [Herod.8.46]

** Euphemus, son of Theiodamas (or Theodamas), fled to the island of Lemnos. [This is presumed because Euphemus's descendants lived on Lemnos.]

1230 BC | Euanthes, son of Oenopion, son of Ariadne, emigrated from the island of Chios to Ismarus in Thracia. [Home.Od.9.193, Diod.5.79.2]

** Euanthes is presumed to have been driven out of the island of Chios by the Carians. [Paus.7.4.9]

1230 BC | Telephus of Tegea emigrated to Mysia, where Pergamus was located, with his mother, Auge. [Paus.1.4.6, Strabo.12.8.4]

** The presence of people calling themselves Arcadians in Pergamus suggests this was a mass migration of the inhabitants of Tegea. [Paus.1.4.6]

** Telephus inherited Mysia from his wife's father, Teuthras, and became a powerful ruler. [FGrH.Nr327.F19]

** Near Pergamus, the inhabitants of Azania, founded by the son of Azan, son of Arcas, migrated. [Paus.8.4.3, Paus.10.32.3]

** The Arcadians likely migrated to the Azanoi, located upstream of the Hermus River near Larisa.

** Azan's son was a cousin of Aleus, father of Lycurgus, father of Auge.

** If the migration of the inhabitants of Azania occurred two generations after the founding of the region, it is likely that they were part of Telephus's colony and then separated and settled in the Azanoi.

** Mysia was a territory of the Seha River Land, a Hittite vassal state, but was likely no longer under Hittite control.

** Parthenopaeus, son of Atalata of Schoenus near Tegea, also participated in the migration. [Hyginus.100]

** Historically, Telephus likely fought against Teuthras and married his captured daughter, Argiope. [Diod.4.33.12]

** The story that Auge and Teuthras had a son, Teuthranius, who was killed by Ajax in Troy, is likely a fiction. [Dictys.2.3]

** The story that Telephus and Argiope had a son, Eurypylus, who fought on the Trojan side against the Achaeans, is also likely a fiction. [Dictys.2.3]

1230 BC | Staphylus, son of Ariadne, ceded the island of Peparethos to his brother Peparethus and emigrated to Bybastus in Caria. [Apo.E.1.9, Parthe.1]

1230 BC | Erythrus, son of Rhadamanthus, founded Erythrae across from the island of Chios. [Diod.5.84.3, Paus.7.3.7]

** Tradition has it that Erythrus migrated from Crete, but it is likely that he migrated from the island of Chios. [Paus.7.3.7]

1230 BC | Althaemenes and Apemosyne, children of Catreus, son of Minos, migrated from Crete to Rhodes. [Apo.3.2.1]

1230 BC | Amphithemis, son of Acacallis, daughter of Minos, migrated from Crete to Libya. [Estimated from Apollo. 4.1485]

1230 BC | Oaxos, son of Minos' daughter Acacallis, migrated from Tarra to the area near Mount Ida and founded Oaxos. [StephByz.O482.10]

1230 BC | Phylacides and Philander, sons of Minos' daughter Acacallis, founded Elyrus near Tarra. [Estimated from Paus.10.16.5]

1230 BC | Menippe, daughter of Thamyris, married Oeagrus, who lived in Pimpleia near Mount Olympus, from the northern Chalcidice Peninsula. [Nonnus.13.428, Tze.1.300]

** Oeagrus and Menippe were of the same race, sharing a common ancestor, Magnes, son of Aeolus.

1228 BC | Peleus (52), son of Aeacus, died in Phthia.

** Peleus does not appear in the battle between Heracles and the Lapiths.

** Homer reports that Peleus sent Achilles to Troy. If this is true, Peleus would have been 92 years old. [Home.Il.11.762]

** Achilles was 6 years old when Peleus died.

** Achilles was raised by Phoenix, who lived in Ctimene in the Dolopia region, about 55 km southwest of Phthia. [Home.Il.9.484, StephByz.A388.17]

1227 BC | at the request of Aegimius, Heracles fought against the Lapiths and killed Coronus, son of Caeneus, king of Gyrton. [Apo.2.7.7, Diod.4.37.3]

** At this time, Aegimius promised Hyllus one-third of the land of Doris and kingship. [Diod.4.37.3]

** After Heracles' death, Aegimius adopted Hyllus. [Strabo.9.4.10]

** Hyllus became the leader of one of the three Dorian tribes, so it is likely that he was granted one-third of the land and its inhabitants.

** Heracles' army included Ceyx of Trachis. [Apo.2.7.7]

** Ceyx was the half-brother of Aeacus, the father of Ajax's father, Telamon, and Telamon's uncle.

** Telamon is believed to have participated in Heracles' campaigns with his uncle Ceyx.

** Coronus died, and his daughter Lysidice was taken prisoner and later married to Ajax, son of Telamon.

1227 BC | Heracles killed Laogoras, king of the Dryopes, who sided with the Lapiths. [Apo. 2.7.7, Tzetzes. 2.460]

** After being defeated by Heracles, Dryopes fled to various places, but it is believed he fled to the land of the Lapiths and wiped out any resistance.

1227 BC | Heracles defeated Cycnus, son of Pelopia, in single combat at Itonus. [Apo. 2.7.7, Diod. 4.37.4]

1227 BC | Heracles fought and defeated Ormenius, ruler of Ormenium near Iolcus, and his son Amyntor. [Apo.2.7.7, Diod.4.37.4]

** Protesilaus of Phylace, not a Lapith, either cooperated with Heracles or remained neutral, granting territory west of the gulf south to Antron. [Strabo.9.5.7]

1227 BC | Heracles returned to Trachis after fighting the Lapiths. [Apo.2.7.7]

1226 BC | Oeneus' son, Tydeus, fled to Adrastus and married his daughter, Deipyla. [Apo.1.8.5, Hyginus.97]

** Oeneus' mother, Aeolia, was the sister of Bias, the father of Adrastus's father, Talaus. Tydeus and Adrastus were second cousins, with Amythaon as their common great-grandfather.

1225 BC | Oedipus was exiled from Thebes and fled to Athens with his daughter, Antigone, to live with Theseus. [Apo.3.5.9]

** Antigone's son, Maeon, likely accompanied them to Athens.

** There is a legend that around the time of the return of the Heracleidae, there were Aegeidae in Thebes, descendants of Aegeus of Athens. [FGrH.Nr70.F16]

** Maeon's wife is presumed to have been Aegeus's granddaughter.

** Eteocles and Polyneices, after consultation, decided to alternate the rule of Thebes. [Apo.3.6.1]

1225 BC | Oedipus' son Polyneices fled to Adrastus in Argos. [Apo.3.6.1, Paus.9.5.12]

** Adrastus was the son of Lysianassa, the daughter of Polybus, the adoptive father of Polyneices' father, Oedipus.

** Thus, Polyneices fled to his cousin-in-law, Adrastus.

1225 BC | Oedipus' son Polyneices married Adrastus' daughter, Argia. [Hyginus.72, Paus.9.5.12]

** While living in Sicyon, Adrastus likely met Polyneices, who was in Corinth.

1225 BC | Helen, daughter of Tyndareus, was born in Sparta. [Apo.3.10.6, Paus.5.19.3]

** Helen's mother was likely the daughter or granddaughter of Hippocoon, the young wife whom Tyndareus married after his return.

1225 BC | Meges, son of Phyleus, emigrated from the island of Cephallenia to the Echinades, an archipelago sparsely populated by Taphius, son of Helius.

** Meges named the largest island of the Echinades, Dulichium, the same name as his hometown. [Estimated from Home.Il.2.625, Home.Il.15.518, Apo.2.4.5, Apo.2.4.7]

1225 BC | Nauplius, son of Clytonaeus, was pursued by the Achaeans and exiled to Chalcis on the island of Euboea. [Plut.QuestGr.33]

1225 BC | Teucer emigrated from Salamis to Cyprus and married Eune, daughter of Cinyras. [Paus.1.3.2, TzeAdLyco.450]

1225 BC | Musaeus, son of Thamyris, emigrated from the northern Chalcidice Peninsula to Thebes. [Estimated from Suda.mu.1295]

1224 BC | Heracles summoned the Arcadians, Melians, and Locrians to march against Oechalia. [Apo.2.7.7]

** One theory holds that Heracles's motive for the expedition was that Eurytus was forcing tribute from the Euboeans. [Athen.461f]

** In fact, it is believed that Eurytus, a Lapith, actually cooperated with the Lapiths of Thessaly in their fight against Heracles.

** It is believed that a considerable number of Lapiths fled from Thessaly to Oechalia with Eurytus.

** During the Roman period, Oechalia existed within Eretria, and retained the name of the town Heracles had destroyed. [Strabo.10.1.10]

1224 BC | Heracles attacked Eurytus, who lived in Oechalia in Euboea. [Apo.2.7.7, Diod.4.37.5]

** Eurytus himself and his sons, Toxeus, Molion, and Clytius, were killed in battle, and his daughter Iole was taken prisoner. [Apo.2.7.7, Diod.4.37.5, Hyginus.31]

** Hippasus, son of Ceyx of Trachis, was killed in battle. [Apo.2.7.7]

** Argius and Melas, sons of Licymnius, Heracles' mother's half-brother, were killed in battle. [Apo.2.7.7]

1224 BC | Heracles sailed from Oechalia to Cape Cenaeum in Euboea and performed a sacrifice. [Apo.2.7.7]

1224 BC | Heracles and Deianeira had a son, Gleneus. [Diod. 4.37.2, Paus. 4.30.1, Apo. 2.7.8, Hesiod. 98]

** Gleneus is likely the youngest son, as his nurse, Abia, participated in the return of the Heracleidae. [Paus. 3.15.10, Paus. 4.30.1]

1223 BC | Heracles founded a town called Heraclea in Trachis. [Athen.462a]

** Heraclea was built after the Cylicranes, whom Heracles had summoned from Lydia, had turned into a band of bandits and destroyed their settlement.

** Lydians (Kylikranoi, Cyliks) accompanied Heracles on his expeditions. [Athen.461f]

1223 BC | Heracles willed Hyllus to marry Iole when he reached adulthood. [Apo.2.7.7]

1223 BC | Heracles died in Trachis. [Apo.2.7.7]

** Heracles lived to the age of 52. [Cleme.Exho.2.25, JeromeChro.1196]

** Heracles was short in stature but possessed a powerful mind. [Pind.Is.4.50]

** Small in stature, bristly hair, great strength, slim, lithe, dark, hooked nose, bright eyes, and long, straight hair. [Cleme.Exho.2]

** Heracles' cause of death is unknown, but it is presumed that he died of illness, exacerbated by overwork.

1222 BC | Oeneus' daughter, Gorges (or Gorge), was married to Andraemon of Amphissa from Calydon. [Apo.1.8.1, Hyginus.97, Paus.10.38.5]

1220 BC | the Cephallenians, led by Laertes, son of Arcesius, captured Nericus on the Leucas Peninsula. [Home.Od.24.375, Strabo.1.3.18, Strabo.10.2.8]

1220 BC | the Amazons invaded Athens.

** The Amazons' invasion occurred five years before Adrastus's attack on Thebes. [Parian.Marble.21]

1220 BC | Hyllus was adopted by Aegimius and became the ancestor of the Hylleis, one of the three tribes of the Dorians. [FGrH.Nr70.F15, Strabo.9.4.10]

** The Heracleidae went to the Dorians after Hyllus' death.

** Pamphyli, Dymanes, Hylleis [FGrH.Nr70.F15]

1220 BC | Leches and Cenchrias, two sons of Ornytion, son of Sisyphus, founded Lechaeum and Cenchreae. [Estimated from Paus.2.2.3]

1219 BC | Hyllus married Iole. [Apo.2.8.2]

1219 BC | Tyndareus died and was succeeded by the Dioscuri. [Paus.3.1.5]

1218 BC | Oedipus died in Athens. [Apo.3.5.9, Paus.1.28.7]

** Oedipus was buried in Thebes and later reburied in Athens. [Paus.1.28.7]

1218 BC | the funeral games for Oedipus were held in Thebes, and Mecisteus, son of Talaus, excelled. [Home.23.676, Paus.1.28.7]

** Argea, daughter of Adrastus, attended Oedipus's funeral. [Hesiod.CW.F24]

** Polyneices, who was feuding with Eteocles, likely sent his wife Argea to pay his respects.

** Polybus, father of Mecisteus' mother, Lysianassa, was Oedipus's adoptive father, and Oedipus was Mecisteus's uncle-in-law.

** Amphiaraus was one of those who buried Oedipus. [Hesiod.CW.F99]

** After the death of Oedipus, Polyneices returned to Thebes at the invitation of Eteocles. This was likely prompted by Polyneices's wife's condolences.

1218 BC | Eurystheus threatened to take military action against Ceyx unless it expelled Heracles' children. [Diod.4.57.3, Paus.1.32.6]

1218 BC | the Heracleidae migrated from Trachis to Attica. [Diod. 4.57.4, Paus. 1.32.6]

** The Heracleidae lived in Tricorythus [Diod. 4.57.4, 4.58.3, 4.58.5, 7.7.1] and Marathon [Paus. 1.32.6]

** Iope, one of Theseus' wives, was Iolaus' sister, and Theseus and Iolaus were brothers-in-law. [Plut. These. 29]

1217 BC | Eurystheus invaded Athens, where the Heracleidae lived, and was killed by Iolaus. [Apo. 2.8.1, Paus. 1.44.10, Strabo. 8.6.19]

** This was when all of Heracles' sons had reached adulthood, and a spirit of pride had arisen among the young men for the glory of Heracles. [Diod.4.57.5]

** Admete, daughter of Eurystheus, a priestess of the temple of Hera in Argos, fled to the island of Samos. [Athen.15.672a]

** Argos and Mycenae were fighting over the temple of Hera, but during Eurystheus' time, it was under Mycenae's jurisdiction. [Diod.11.65.2]

** Eurystheus's reign lasted 45 years. [Jerome Chro.1308]

1217 BC | Atreus inherited Mycenae and emigrated from Cleonae to Mycenae. [Diod.4.58.2]

** Cleonae, founded by Atreus, was settled by his brother Cleonymus, and the city's name was changed at that time. [FGrH.Nr2.F3, Paus.2.15.1]

** << Why Atreus inherited Mycenae >>

** After Eurystheus' death, there was no heir, and an oracle predicted that Pelops' son should be king. [FGrH.Nr333.F133]

** When Eurystheus set out to attack Heracleidae, he entrusted Mycenae to Atreus. [Dic:Atreus, Thucy.1.9]

** Atreus was presumably the son of Perseus' daughter, Autochthe. [Dic:Perseus]

** Therefore, Atreus had the right to inherit Mycenae, which had been founded by his grandfather, Perseus.

1216 BC | Iolaus gathered settlers in Athens and emigrated to Sardinia, where he spent the rest of his life. [Paus. 9.23.1]

** Iolaus is believed to have been absent from Greece at the time of Adrastus's attack on Thebes.

** The Athenians founded Ogryle in Sardinia. [Paus. 10.17.5]

1216 BC | Oedipus' son Polyneices returned to Thebes at the invitation of Eteocles. He later returned to exile in Argos. [Apo. 3.6.1, Paus. 9.5.12]

1215 BC | the first Nemean Games were held in memory of Opheltes (or Archemorus), son of Lycurgus (or Lycus), who had been scheduled to participate in the attack on Thebes and died unexpectedly. [Apo.3.6.4, Cleme.Exho.2, Euseb.Pra.2.6, Hyginus.14, Hyginus.74, Hyginus.273, Paus.8.48.2, Pindaros.1]

** The Nemean Games were held every five years. [Hyginus.74]

** Lycurgus, son of Pronax, was a priest of Nemean Zeus. [TzeAdLyco.373]

1215 BC | Tydeus visited Mycenae accompanied by Polyneices, who had been exiled from Thebes. [Home.4.364]

** Mycenae agreed to send reinforcements, but decided not to do so due to ominous omens. [Home.4.364]

** Since the founding of Perseus, Mycenae had been in hostile relations with Argos.

** At the time, Mycenae was under the rule of Atreus, but the names of the hosts are not mentioned in the anecdote.

** The visit of Tydeus and his companions is likely a fiction.

** With the death of Eurystheus, Mycenae had no forces to join the expedition.

1215 BC | Seven Against Thebes [Apo.3.6.1, Hyginus.70, Paus.9.9.1]

** Reinforcements from Argos included Arcadians and Messenians. [Paus.9.9.2, Paus.2.20.5]

** These are believed to be Crethon and Ortilochus, two sons of Diocles of Pharae.

** The Theban reinforcements included Phocians and Phlegyans from the Minyan region. [Paus.9.9.2]

** All generals except Adrastus were killed in battle. [Apo.3.6.8, Paus.9.9.3]

1215 BC | Tydeus returned to Thebes as an emissary and was attacked by the Theban forces. However, he counterattacked, and only Maeon, son of Haemon, survived. [Home.4.364]

1215 BC | Melanippus, son of Astacus, was killed by Amphiaraus. [Apo.3.6.8]

1215 BC | Eteocles and Polyneices were killed in battle. Eteocles' son Laodamas ascended to the throne as king of Thebes, with Creon as his guardian. [Paus.1.39.2]

1215 BC | Theseus made peace with Thebes and buried the bodies of the Argives, which had been abandoned. [Aelia.12.27, Plut.These.29]

** Pausanias reports that Theseus fought against Thebes and removed their remains, or that there were no battle and Thebes allowed it. [Paus.1.39.2]

** The 4th-century BC orator Isocrates reports that Athens threatened Thebes. [Isocra.Pan.170]

** Generals were buried in Eleusis, and soldiers in Eleutherae. [Plut.These.29]

** In the 6th century BC | Eleutherae requested Athens's annexation. [Paus.1.38.8]

** From this time on, Eleutherae appears to have favored Athens over Thebes.

1215 BC | Baton, the charioteer of Amphiaraus, emigrated to Harpyia near Encheleae in Illyria. [Polyb.Fr.2.34]

** This may be a confusion with Baton, the leader of Illyria. [Strabo.7.5.3]

1215 BC | Maron, son of Euanthes, son of Oenopion, founded Maroneia near Ismarus in Thracia. [Diod.1.20.2]

1215 BC | Hyllus invaded the Peloponnesus and occupied its territories. [Apo.2.8.2]

** Mycenae, which had not yet recovered its military strength, was besieged, and Hyllus likely occupied Mydeia and Tiryns. [Pind.Ol.7.20, 75, Strabo.8.6.11]

1215 BC | Alcathous, son of Pelops, died in Megara. [Estimated from Paus.1.42.4]

1215 BC | Ajax, son of Telamon, emigrated from Salamis to Megara and succeeded Alcathous. [Paus.1.42.4]

1214 BC | the Heracleidae retreated to Tricorythus due to a plague that ravaged the Peloponnesus. [Apo.2.8.2, Diod.4.58.4]

** Hyllus received an oracle telling him to return after the third harvest. [Apo.2.8.2]

** The return of Mycenae's power and a falling out between Hyllus and his half-brother Tlepolemus are believed to be the reasons for his withdrawal.

** Tlepolemus did not withdraw with Hyllus and his companions, but instead emigrated to Rhodes. [Apo.2.8.2, Diod.4.58.7]

1214 BC | Alcmena died in Megara. [Paus.1.41.1]

** A dispute arose over whether Alcmena's burial place should be in Argos or Thebes. [Paus.1.41.1]

** However, Alcmena was born in Mydeia and had no connection to Argos.

** Thebes also contained tombs for Amphitryon and Alcmena's grandsons, but it seems they were not buried there.

** Alcmena was buried next to the tomb of Rhadamanthus in Ocaleae, in the territory of Hariatos in Boeotia. [Plut.Lysa.28]

** Alcmena's tomb was reburied in Sparta in the 4th century BC by Agesilaus of Sparta (399-358 BC). [Plut.Mor.577e]

** Alcmena's tomb contained a bronze tablet inscribed in Cretan hieroglyphs, similar to Egyptian script. [Plut.Mor.577e]

** Agesilaus entrusted a copy of the inscription to Eudoxus of Cnidus, who sent it to King Nectanabis of Egypt for decipherment. [Diogenes. 8.87.]

1213 BC | Tlepolemus emigrated to Rhodes. [Apo. 2.8.2, Diod. 4.58.7, Diod. 7.7.1, Home. Il. 2.662, Strabo. 14.2.6]

** Tlepolemus founded Lindus, Ilysus (Ialysus), and Cameirus. [Diod. 4.58.8, Strabo. 14.2.6]

** Tlepolemus remained with his grandmother's brother Licymnius, but Licymnius died of illness. Due to pressure from Mycenae, they likely emigrated to Rhodes.

** Some sources state that Licymnius died in Argos. [Diod. 4.58.7, Diod. 7.7.1, Paus. 2.22.8]

** Tlepolemus stayed in Midea, not Argos, and traveled to Rhodes with the Tirynthians. [Pind. Ol. 7.20, 75]

** Among the Tirynthians was Lebes, presumably the son of Eurystheus' brother Iphitus, who settled in Crete. [Inferred from Pind. Ol. 7.75]

** The acropolis of Tiryns was called Licymna in honor of Licymnius. The tomb of Lycymnius is believed to have been located there. [Strabo.8.6.11]

1213 BC | Lycomedes' daughter Deidamia was married to Achilles of Phthia in Thessaly. [Dictys.4.15, Hyginus.123]

1212 BC | Neoptolemus was born to Achilles and Lycomedes' daughter Deidamia. [Apo.3.13.8, Dictys.4.15, Epic.Cypria.1, Hyginus.97]

** Neoptolemus was born on the island of Scyros. [Strabo.9.5.16, Sopho.Philo.220]

1211 BC | Theseus' wife Phaedra died. [Diod.4.63.2]

1211 BC | Hyllus interpreted the oracle to mean "wait three years and then return," and set out from Tricorythus for Peloponnesus. [Apo.2.8.2]

1211 BC | Atreus, with the Tegeatans and other peoples in his army, marched to battle the Heracleidae. [Diod.4.58.2]

1211 BC | Hyllus was killed in single combat by Echemus of Tegea at Isthmus. [Diod.4.58.4, Herod.9.26]

** It is odd that the Heracleidae side provided a commander-in-chief, while the Peloponnesus side provided a reinforcement rather than a commander-in-chief.

** Agamemnon and Echemus, whom Thyestes exiled, were brothers-in-law through their respective wives.

** The duel between Hyllus and Echemus is fictional, and Hyllus is believed to have been killed in battle.

** Hyllus' tomb was in Megara. [Paus.1.41.2]

1211 BC | Heracleidae went to Aegimius, reclaimed the land their father had entrusted to them, and settled in the Dorian region. [Diod.4.58.6]

** Hyllus' army likely included Ionians, some of whom were killed in battle, likely making Tricorythus unsuitable for them.

** Antiochus, one of the namesakes of Athens and son of Heracles and Meda, daughter of Phylas of Dryopes, continued to live there. [Inferred from Paus.1.5.2]

1211 BC | Macaria, daughter of Heracles and Deianeira, married Demophon, son of Theseus, and remained in Athens. [Estimated from Jerome Chro. 1148]

1210 BC | Theseus took Tyndareus' daughter, Helen, from Idas and hid her in Aphidnae. [Diod.4.63.2, Plut.These.31]

** At the time, Helen was 7 years old [FGrH.Nr4.F168b], 10 years old [Diod.4.63.2], and 12 years old [Apo.E.1.23].

** Idas and Theseus' friend, Peirithous, were of the same race, sharing a common ancestor: Lapithes, the son of Aeolus, the son of Hippotes.

** Idas was the son of Aphareus, the son of Perieres, the son of Aeolus, the son of Lapithes.

** Peirithous was the son of Ixion, the son of Antion, the son of Periphas, the son of Lapithes.

** Idas and Theseus are also thought to have been friends through Peirithous. [Plut.These.30]

1210 BC | Theseus left Athens and traveled to Thesprotis. [Paus.1.18.4, Paus.2.22.6, Paus.3.18.5, Plut.These.31]

** In Aornum in Thesprotis, there is an oracle for summoning the dead. Theseus went there to summon his deceased wife, Phaedra. [Paus.9.30.6]

1210 BC | Theseus' two sons, Demophon and Acamas, fled to Elephenor in Chalcis, Euboea. [Aelia.4.5, Plut.These.35]

** Theseus took his sons to refuge. [Plut.These.35] Demophon and Acamas were exiled by Menestheus. [Aelia.4.5]

** Elephenor, son of Chalcodon, was the brother of Aegeus' wife, Chalciope, and thus the brother of Theseus's mother-in-law.

1210 BC | the Dioscuri captured Aphidnae in Athens and brought Helen back to Lacedaemon. [Paus.2.22.6]

** Timalcus, son of Megareus, also participated in the expedition and is said to have been killed by Theseus, but Theseus was absent and no battle took place. [Paus.1.41.3-4, Paus.3.18.5]

1210 BC | the Dioscuri were adopted by Aphidnus in order to be initiated into the Mysteries of Eleusis. [Plut.These.33]

** Non-citizens of Athens had to be adopted by a citizen of Athens in order to be initiated.

** By the time of the Persian Wars, Greeks were allowed to enter the institution. [Herod.8.65]

1210 BC | Theseus returned to Athens, but was unable to suppress the resentment of the local people, and he cursed the Athenians at Gargettus. [Plut.These.35]

1209 BC | Theseus fled to the island of Scyros, where he was murdered by Lycomedes. [Paus.1.17.6, Plut.These.35, Plut.Cimon.6]

** Theseus was exiled on the false slander of Lycus and murdered by Lycomedes out of jealousy. [Suda.th.368]

1209 BC | Menestheus became king of Athens. [Euseb.185]

** Theseus likely lost ground when the Heracleidae migrated from Tricorythus to the Dorian lands.

** The Dioscuri cooperated with Menestheus. [Paus.1.17.5]

** The Dioscuri brought Menestheus back. [Apo.E.1.23]

** The Dioscuri, at Menestheus's urging, attacked Athens. [Plut.These.32]

** The Dioscuri bestowed the throne on Menestheus. [Aelia.4.5]

** Historically, it is believed that Menestheus, plotting to seize power while Theseus was away, exploited the Dioscuri who had come to Athens to recapture Helen.

1209 BC | Tyndareus' sons, Castor and Polydeuces (Dioscuri), were killed fighting the Messenians. [Apo.3.11.2]

** Pausanias records that the Dioscuri succeeded their father, Tyndareus. [Paus.3.1.5, 3.17.2]

** However, they had sons, making it difficult for their son-in-law, Menelaus, to inherit Sparta.

** It is more likely that the Dioscuri died before their father and that Tyndareus entrusted Sparta to Menelaus. [Apo.3.11.2]

1209 BC | Idas and Lynceus died fighting the sons of Tyndareus. [Apo.3.11.2]

** Idas killed Castor. [Apo.3.11.2]

** In the ensuing battle, Polydeuces killed Lynceus. [Apo.3.11.2, Paus.3.14.7, Paus.4.3.1]

** Idas killed Polydeuces and then died. [Apo.3.11.2, Paus.4.3.1]

** The Dioscuri helped Menestheus become king of Athens, so it's likely that Idas and Lynceus died around this time. [Aelian.4.5, Paus.1.17.5]

1209 BC | Nestor succeeded Idas and moved to Messenia near Arene, where he founded Pylus. [Paus.4.3.1, Paus.4.3.7]

** Nestor likely succeeded Idas as his son-in-law.

1209 BC | Tyndareus' daughter, Clytaemnestra, married Agamemnon of Mycenae. [Tzetzes.1.460, Paus.2.22.3]

1209 BC | Epigoni's attack on Thebes [Apo.3.7.2, Diod.4.66.1, Paus.9.9.4, Paus.9.5.13]

** Ten years after Adrastus's attack on Thebes, during the reign of Laodamas, son of Eteocles. [Apo.3.7.2]

** Commanded by Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus. [Apo.3.7.2, Diod.4.66.1]

** Commanded by the sons of Polyneices. [Paus.9.33.1]

** Commanded by Thersander, son of Polyneices. [Paus.7.3.1]

** Reinforcements for the Theban forces came from cities surrounding Thebes. [Paus. 9.9.4]

** The Argosian reinforcements included Messenians, Arcadians, Corinthians, and Megarians. [Paus. 9.9.4]

** Hippolytus, son of Theseus, was killed when his chariot overturned and dragged him along. [Apo. E. 1.19, Diod. 4.62.3, Paus. 2.32.10]

** Hippolytus is believed to have died in battle while participating in the Epigoni. [Paus. 2.32.1]

** Troezen was home to a temple to Hippolytus founded by Diomedes. Hippolytus and Diomedes were contemporaries.

** After the Epigoni's attack on Thebes, the power of Thebes is believed to have declined sharply for the following reasons:

** 1) A rapid decline in population due to deaths in battles with the Argives and migration to various places (Illyria, Euboea, Acarnania, Asia Minor).

** 2) The difficulties faced by Thersander and his son Tisamenus, both natives of Argos, in governing after the departure of the Argives.

** As evidence of this, little is known about the events that followed the Epigoni's attack on Thebes, until Autesion, the son of Thersander's son Tisamenus, left Thebes.

1205 BC | the Epigoni sailed from Argos and landed at Aulis. The Thebans waited at Glisas, and a battle ensued. [Paus.9.5.13]

1205 BC | Thersander, son of Polyneices, became king of Thebes. [Paus.9.5.14]

** Thebes was occupied at least twice, from 1324 BC | when Amphion surrounded the city with walls, until it was occupied by the Epigoni.

** 1) 1300 BC | Phlegyes under Eurymachus [FGrH.Nr333.F41]

** 2) 1256 BC | Minyans under Erginus, son of Clymenus [Apo.2.4.11]

1205 BC | people fleeing Thebes gathered at Tilphossaeum near Alalcomenae. [Diod.4.66.5]

1205 BC | the prophet Tiresias died at the spring of Tilphusa while fleeing Thebes. [Apo.3.7.3]

** Tiresias died in Haliantia while accompanying the Argives to Delphi. [Paus.7.3.1, Paus.9.33.1]

** Tiresias' daughter Manto was taken to Delphi as the best of the spoils. [Apo.3.7.4]

1205 BC | Tiresias' daughter, Manto, was taken prisoner by Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus. [Apo.3.7.7]

** Later, Alcmaeon and Manto had a son, Amphilochus, and a daughter, Tisiphone. [Apo.3.7.7]

1205 BC | Eteocles' son, Laodamas, emigrated from Thebes to Illyria among the Encheleans. [Herod.5.61, Paus.9.5.13, Paus.9.8.6]

1205 BC | some Thebans split off and emigrated to Homole in Thessaly instead of going to Illyria. [Paus.9.8.6-7]

1205 BC | some Thebans founded Hestiaea (Histiaea) in northern Euboea. [Apo.3.7.3]

1205 BC | some Thebans hid in Alalcomenia and Mount Tilphosium, southwest of Lake Copais, until the Argives left. [Diod.19.53]

1205 BC | Adrastus accompanied the Epigoni on their attack on Thebes and died in Megara on the way back. [Paus.1.43.1]

1205 BC | the Pelasgians of Cabeiraea, about 5 km west of Thebes, emigrated to Athens. [Herod.2.51, Paus.9.25.7]

1205 BC | Atreus' grandson Menelaus married Helen, daughter of Tyndareus of Sparta. [Hyginus.78, Paus.2.22.6]

1205 BC | Menelaus received the kingship of Lacedaemon from his father-in-law, Tyndareus. [Apo.3.11.2, Apo.E.2.16, Hyginus.78]

** Tyndareus is presumed to have died before the Dioscuri. The legend that Menelaus inherited the throne from Tyndareus is likely a fabrication.

** Agamemnon annexed Laconia to Mycenae, and Menelaus took possession of it. [Strabo.8.6.10]

1205 BC | Britomartis, daughter of Carme, daughter of Eubulus, son of Carmanor, emigrated from Crete to Aegina. [Antoninus.40]

1204 BC | Alcmaeon invaded Acarnania and founded Argos (later Argos-Amphilochicum). [Strabo.7.7.7, Strabo.10.2.25]

** Alcmaeon, accompanied by Manto and other prisoners, headed for Illyria, founding Astacus near the mouth of the Achelous River along the way. [Estimated from Strabo.10.2.21]

** Diomedes' ally was not Alcmaeon, but Sthenelus, son of Capaneus. [Hygnius.175]

** Alcmaeon's motivation for the Acarnania campaign appears to have been the desire of the prisoners to go to Illyria.

** Evarchus, the tyrant of Astacus during the Peloponnesian War, is thought to be a descendant of Sparti, who was among the prisoners of war held by the Epigoni. [Inferred from Memnon.12.1]

** Alcmaeon was a descendant of Melampus, and the descendants of his sons, Acarnan and Amphoterus, likely taught Hesiod the art of prophecy. [Paus.9.31.5]

** Hesiod was killed at Oineon, about 15 km east of Naupactus. [Plut.Mor.969e, Thyc.3.96]

** Hesiod likely traveled between Acarnania and Boeotia.

** Megistias, a seer from Acarnania who participated in the Battle of Thermopylae, was a descendant of Melampus. [Herod.7.221]

** Alcmaeon's brother, Amphilochus, also participated in this expedition and likely never returned to Argos. [Apo.3.7.7]

** Thucydides records that Amphilochus participated in the Troy campaign. [Thucy.2.68]

** However, for the following reasons, it is presumed that Alcmaeon's younger brother, Amphilochus, did not participate in the Troy campaign.

** 1 If both brothers participated in the Epigoni's attack on Thebes, it is unlikely that the younger brother would not have participated in the founding of his brother's distant city.

** 2 It is unlikely that Alcmaeon refused Agamemnon's request and participated in the Troy campaign alone.

** 3 Homer does not mention Amphilochus.

** 4 Homer lists three generals of Argos. [Home.Il.2.557]

** 1) Sthenelus, son of Capaneus, of the Anaxagoridae [Paus.2.30.10], the main family of the three royal houses of Argos.

** 2) Diomedes, acting for Cyanippus, son of Aegialeus, son of Adrastus, son of Talaus, of the Biantidae [Dic: Bias], the royal house of Bias.

** 3) Euryalus, son of Mecisteus, son of Talaus, of the royal house of Bias.

** If Amphilochus's expedition to Troy is true, he would be listed as a general of the Melampodidae [Paus.6.17.6], one of the three royal houses of Argos.

** 5 While the names of Amphilochus's brother Alcmaeon are known to have many wives and children, the identity of Amphilochus's wife and children is unknown, and he is believed to have left Greece at a young age.

** 6 Many sources confuse him with the son of his brother Alcmaeon and Manto, born in Colophon, Asia Minor, and died in Mallus, Cilicia.

1203 BC | Thersander of Thebes recalled those who had fled to Homole, pursued by the Epigoni. [Diod.19.53, Paus.9.8.7, Strabo.9.2.3]

1203 BC | Atreus died, and Agamemnon became king of Mycenae. [Euseb.177]

** Troy fell in Agamemnon's 18th year. [Cleme.Str.1.21, Tatian.39]

** Agamemnon ruled Mycenae for 30 (35) years, and Troy fell in his 18th year. [Euseb.Chron.179, (JeromeChro.1197)]

** Agamemnon and Menelaus returned to Mycenae at the head of the Lacedaemonians. [Tzetzes.1.460]

** They ordered Thyestes and his son Aegisthus to live on the island of Cythera, off the coast of the Gulf of Laconia. [FGrH.10.11, Tzetzes.1.460]

** Thyestes died on the island of Cythera. [Estimated from Home.Od.4.512]

1202 BC | Oeneus, pursued by the sons of Agrius, fled Calydon to Diomedes in Argos. [Paus.2.25.2]

1202 BC | Diomedes led an expedition to Aetolia to avenge his grandfather Oeneus, who had been exiled from Calydon. [Paus.2.25.2]

** Diomedes' ally was not Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus [Apo.1.8.6, Strabo.10.2.25], but Sthenelus, son of Capaneus [Hygnius.175].

** Sthenelus was a close friend of Diomedes. [Hygnius.257]

** The sons of Agrius, son of Parthaon of Pleuron, an enemy of Oeneus, were cousins of Alcmaeon.

** It is unlikely that Alcmaeon would have assisted his kin in a war against his own family.

** Diomedes's Aetolia campaign took place after the Epigoni's attack on Thebes. [Strabo.7.7.7]

** Oeneus died before the Trojan War, so Diomedes' Aetolia campaign took place before the Trojan War. [Home.Il.14.117]

** Diomedes entrusted Aetolia to Andraemon, son-in-law of Oeneus of Amphissa. [Apo.1.8.6]

** Diomedes fought against Agrius and his sons. [Antoninus.37]

** The Thestius and Agrius families fled to the interior of Aetolia and founded Thestia and Agrinium. [LeakeN.1.155]

** Thestia and Agrinium belonged to Eurytania, the largest region in terms of number. [LeakeN.2.623]

** Thestia and Agrinium existed when Philip V, King of Macedonia, attacked the Aetolians in 218 BC. [Polyb.5.7]

1202 BC | Alcmaeon married Callirhoe, daughter of Achelous. [Paus.8.24.9]

** Hypermnestra, wife of Oecles, father of Amphiaraus, father of Alcmaeon, was a descendant of Pleuron, son of Aetolus. Callirhoe's maternal ancestor was also Pleuron.

1202 BC | Agamemnon attacked Argos and brought it under Mycenae control. [Strabo.10.2.25]

** Agamemnon targeted the Argives while many of them were on an expedition to Aetolia with Diomedes. [Strabo.10.2.25]

1202 BC | Oeneus left Calydon in the care of his son-in-law, Andraemon, and went to Argos with his grandson, Diomedes, where he died. [Apocalypse 1.8.6, Paus 2.25.2]

** According to legend, Oeneus was killed by the sons of Agrius in Arcadia while traveling to Argos with his grandson Diomedes. [Apocalypse 1.8.6]

1200 BC | Nestor visited Asclepius in Tricca, Thessaly. [Estimated from Strabo. 1.1.16]

** He inherited Messenia from Idas, but when the Lapiths in his territory disobeyed him, Nestor likely used the influential Lapiths of Thessaly to his advantage.

** He likely brokered a marriage between Anticleia, daughter of Diocles of Pharae, and Machaon, son of Asclepius. [Paus. 4.3.1]

** Nestor brought back the remains of Machaon, who was killed in battle at Troy, and buried them in Gerenia. [Paus. 3.26.9-10]

1200 BC | Machaon, son of Asclepius, married Anticleia, daughter of Diocles, from Pharae, Messenia. [Paus.4.30.3]

1200 BC | the Gephyraeans around Tanagra, pursued by Poemander, grandson of Poemander, son of Chaeresilaus, migrated to Athens. [Herod.5.57, Paus.9.20.1]

** Shortly after Epigoni's attack on Thebes, the Gephyraeans, pursued by the Boeotians, migrated to Athens. [Herod.5.61]

** This likely repays the debt they owed to the Athenians who were pursued by Eumolpus in 1415 BC. [Suda.Delta.1395]

1200 BC | Rhacius, son of Lebes, migrated from Crete to Asia Minor and founded Colophon. [Paus.7.3.1]

** Some sources suggest that Mopsus founded Colophon. [PompoMela.1.88] The town of Colophon likely did not exist during the Trojan War.

1200 BC | Admete, daughter of Eurystheus, emigrated to the island of Samos. [Athen.15.672a]

** Admete was a priestess at the temple of Hera in Argos. [Newton.139]

** Admete likely traveled to Lebes and Crete, then traveled to Asia Minor with Rhacius and emigrated to the island of Samos.

1200 BC | Zacynthus, son of Dardanus, emigrated from Psophis in Arcadia to the island of Zacynthus. [Paus.8.24.3]

** Psophis in Arcadia was called Phegia during the Epigoni's attack on Thebes. He participated in the Trojan expedition from the island of Zacynthus.

** Therefore, Zacynthus's migration is likely to have occurred around this time. [Paus.8.24.8, Home.Il.2.631]

1200 BC | Agamemnon annexed Laconia to Mycenae, and Menelaus took possession of Laconia. [Strabo.8.6.10]