Ancient Greek Chronological table (1199-1100 BC)

1198 BC | Helen was abducted to Troy. [Apo.E.3.1-5, Dictys.1.3]

** Two years after Helen's abduction, preparations were completed and an expedition to Troy was launched. [Apo.E.3.18]

** Helen was buried in Therapne, near Sparta. [Paus.3.19.9]

1197 BC | Hermione, the daughter of Menelaus and Helen, was born in Sparta. [Apo.E.3.3, Paus.10.16.4]

** Hermione's birth is dated to nine years before the Trojan expedition.

** Hermione was nine years old when Helen was abducted to Troy. [Apo.E.3.3]

1196 BC: The event known as the First Trojan Expedition.

** Agamemnon's expedition failed after mistaking Mysia for Troy and landing there. [Apo.E.3.17, Strabo.1.1.17]

** Achilles commanded the navy at the age of 15. [Apo.E.3.16]

** This was in the 13th year of the reign of Menestheus, King of Athens [1209-1186 BC]. [Parian.Marble.23]

** Alcmaeon, who led the Epigoni, was the brother of Thersander's wife, Demonassa, and was the benefactor who restored Thersander to the throne of Thebes.

** Alcmaeon had two children with Tiresias' daughter, Manto. He later invaded Aetolia and married Callirhoe in Acarnania. [Paus.8.24.9]

** Alcmaeon entrusted Thersander with the Epigoni's captives and Manto, who wished to emigrate to a new land.

1196 BC | Thersander went to join Telephus, who had emigrated from Tegea to Mysia, but died there. [Apo.E.3.17, Strabo.1.1.17]

** Tlesimenes and Biantes, two sons of Telephus' cousin Parthenopaeus, joined the Epigoni's attack on Thebes from Mysia. [Hyginus.71]

** Tlesimenes and Biantes were comrades in arms with Alcmaeon and Thersander, and guided them to Mysia.

** Telephus's strength was so well-known that it gave rise to a proverb that it was easy to ravage Mysia when Telephus was away. [FGrH.Nr327.F19]

** This proverb also influenced the legend that Thersander was killed by Telephus after landing in Mysia by mistake, thinking he was Troy.

1196 BC | Tiresias' daughter Manto traveled south from Mysia and settled with the Cretans living in Colophon. [Paus.7.3.2, Paus.9.33.2]

1196 BC | Manto married Rhacius, son of Lebes, a Mycenaean immigrant from Crete to Colophon. [Epic.Epigoni.3]

** Rhacius wept when he heard from Manto about the fall of Thebes. [Epic.Epigoni.3]

** Rhacius's father, Lebes, was likely the son of Iphitus, son of Sthenelus of Mycenae. [Epic.Epigoni.3]

** Astymedusa (sister of Eurystheus), the sister of Iphitus, father of Lebes, father of Rhacius, was the wife of Oedipus of Thebes. [Estimated from FGrH.333.95]

1194 BC | Manto founded the oracle of Apollo at Clarus, on the seashore near Colophon. [Photios.186.6]

1190 BC | Macedon, son of Maron, son of Euanthes, emigrated to the region of Macedonia. [Diod.1.20.3]

** Diodorus reports that Macedonia was named after Macedon. [Diod.1.20.3]

1190 BC | Agamemnon appointed Euneus of Nemea as ruler of the island of Lemnos to use it as a supply base for the Trojan expedition.

** The inhabitants of Lemnos were settlers from Naxos, led by Thoas, father of Euneus's mother, Hypsipyle, and Minyans who had fled from Thessay.

** In order to gain the support of both inhabitants, Agamemnon likely spread the falsehood that Euneus was the son of Jason, who led the expedition of Hypsipyle and the Argonauts.

** Historical sources identify Euneus' father as Jason [Apo. 1.9.17, FGrH. No. 12.F14, Home. Il. 7.464; 23.738, Hyginus. 15, 273, Statius. 6.340, Strabo. 1.2.38]

** For the following reasons, Euneus is believed to be the son of Pronax, son of Talaus of Nemea, and Hypsipyle.

** (Reason 1) At the time of the Argonauts' expedition, Hypsipyle, daughter of Thoas, daughter of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, was about seven years old.

** (Reason 2) In addition to Euneus, Hypsipyle and Jason had a son, Nebrophonus (or Deipylus). [Apo. 1.9.17, Hyginus. 273]

** The circumstances surrounding Hypsipyle's arrival in Nemea, from the island of Lemnos, are hypothesized as follows:

** Hypsipyle, daughter of Thoas, who lived on the island of Lemnos, is believed to have been orphaned after the death of her parents and adopted by Phliasus.

** Some people migrated to Lemnos from Naxos along with Thoas and are believed to have participated in Dionysus' (Oenarus') expedition.

** Hypsipyle's parents are believed to have died of plague, which ravaged Lemnos. [Thucy.2.47]

** Hypsipyle was adopted by her uncle and raised in Phlius. When she reached marriageable age, she married Pronax of Nemea, about 7 km from Phlius.

** Alternatively, Hypsipyle lived in Phlius as an adopted daughter of her uncle, unrelated to the Argonauts' expedition.

1190 BC | Agamemnon attacked and subjugated Hippolytus, son of Rhopalus of Sicyon. [Paus.2.6.7]

1190 BC | Achilles attacked Poemander of Tanagra, who refused to join his expedition. [Plut.QuestGr.37]

** This likely led to continued conflict between Thebes and Eleutherae. In the 6th century BC | Eleutherae desired to become part of Athens. [Paus.1.38.8]

1190 BC | Poemander of Tanagra accidentally murdered his own son and was purified by Elephenor of Chalcis. [Plut.QuestGr.37]

1190 BC | Pylades, son of Strophius, son of Crisus, son of Phocus, migrated south from Crissa and founded Cirrha on the shores of the Gulf of Crissa. [Pind.Py.11]

1190 BC | Agamemnon's son, Halaesus, emigrated from Mycenae to Falerii in Italy. [Ovid.Fasti.4.63, Strabo.5.2.9]

** Halaesus also had connections to Alsium, about 46 km south-southwest of Falerii. [ItaPunica.1.1]

1190 BC | Agamemnon's daughter, Iphigenia, married Philaeus, son of Ajax, who lived in Megara.

** Philaeus' wife is believed to have been Agamemnon's daughter, Iphigenia. The reason for this is as follows:

** Philaeus likely lived in Megara with his father, Ajax, king of Megara, and the hero's mausoleum to Iphigenia was located in that city. [Paus.1.42.4, Paus.1.43.1]

** Iphigenia is believed to have become a priestess of Artemis and died in Brauron. [Eur.IT.1464]

** Iphigenia's brother, Hyperion, succeeded her as king of Megara. [Paus.1.43.3]

1190 BC | the Pelasgians of Ravenna in the northeastern part of the Italian peninsula migrated to Thesprotia due to oppression by the Tyrrhenians. [Estimated from Strabo.5.1.7]

** 1390 BC | the Pelasgians who had migrated from Thessaly to Ravenna returned to Thessaly. [Strabo.5.1.7]

1189 BC | Alcmaeon was killed in Arcadia by Phegeus' sons, Temenus and Axion. [Paus.8.24.10]

** Since Alcmaeon refused Agamemnon's request to join the Trojan expedition, it is unlikely that he left the city he founded in Acarnania.

1189 BC | Menelaus held a council of the expedition's participants at Heilenium in Sparta. [Dares.10, Paus.3.12.6]

1188 BC | Laomedon's son Priam died.

1188 BC | at the Temple of Hera in Argos, the participants in the Trojan expedition voted for their preferred commander-in-chief, and Agamemnon was elected. [Dictys.1.16]

1188 BC | the Argives, who participated in the Troy expedition, vowed to conquer Troy at the site of Tantalus's urn in Argos. [Paus.2.22.2]

1188 BC | the Second Troy Expedition, led by Agamemnon as its commander-in-chief, took place eight years after the events of the First Troy Expedition. [Apo.E.3.19]

** After gathering at the port of Phalerum in Athens, Achilles and Patroclus, representing the Troy Expedition, traveled to Aulis after receiving an oracle from Delphi. [Dares.14, Paus.1.1.2]

** Telamon saw off the ships from Athens bound for Aulis from Salamis. [Paus.1.35.3, Paus.8.28.4]

** The fighting lasted for ten years. [Athen.343d, Apo.E.3.19, Apo.E.5.8, Dictys.3.23, DioChry.7.96, Diod.37.1.2, Demosthenes (Funeral Speech.10), GrAntho (5.139 and many others), Hyginus.108, Isocrates (To Philip.111, Panegyricus.83), Ovid.Meta.13.640, Plato.Laws.682), PlutMor.350e, Thucy.1.11, Virgil.Aeneid.8.370]

** Protesilaus, son of Iphiclus, was the first to arrive at Troy. [Arr.1.11.5, Apo.E.3.30, Dictys.2.11, Hyginus.103]

** Protesilaus' tomb is in Elaeus in Chersonese. [Arr.1.115, GrAntho.7.141, Herod.9.116, HygAstro.2.40.3, Pliny.16.238]

** Elaeusa [HygAstro.2.40.3] Elaious [PhiloHero.672] Eleus [Strabo.Fr.51] Elaeus [Arr.1.11.5]

** Protesilaus was repelled, killed in battle, and buried in Elaeus. Protesilaus's campaign may have taken place during the Trojan civil war of 1236 BC.

** << Reasons why the campaign may not have lasted more than 10 years >>

** Troy fell in Agamemnon's 18th year of reign. [Euseb.Chron.179, Cleme.Str.1.21, JeromeChro.1197, Tatian.39]

** Before the Trojan campaign, Agamemnon had already controlled Achaia, Argolis, and the coastal region of Messenia. [Home.Il.2.569, Home.Il.9.150, Strabo.8.4.1]

** Eight years is likely too short for Agamemnon to control half of the Peloponnesus.

** << Reasons why the campaign may not have lasted more than one year >>

** The sons of Ajax, son of Telamon, who died during the Trojan campaign, and the captive women, lived in Athens. [Dictys.5.16, Plut.Arist.19, Harp10Orat.e.167]

** While it may be true that he was away for several years, it is unlikely that he would have stayed for ten years in a place that could be reached in three or four days. [Home.Il.9.356, Home.Od.3.151]

1188 BC | Euneus of Lemnos welcomed and supplied the Trojan expeditionary force. [Home.Il.2.716, Home.Il.7.464, Home.Il.8.212]

1188 BC | Achilles attacked the Lesbians, who were allied with Troy. He killed Phorbas and took his daughter Diomedea as a trophy. [Dictys.2.16, Home.9.656]

1188 BC | Achilles attacked Miletus and killed Trambelus, king of the Leleges. [Athen.43d]

1188 BC | Agamemnon settled the inhabitants of Tenedos, located off the coast of Troy, in Tenea, Argolis. [Paus.2.5.4]

** Melicertes (Palaemon), son of Ino, daughter of Cadmus, was revered in Tenedos and sometimes offered infant sacrifices. [TzeAdLyco.229]

1188 BC | Ajax, son of Telamon, killed Teuthras, ruler of the Phrygians, and took his daughter Tecmessa captive. [Dictys.2.18]

** This Teuthras was not the stepfather of Telephus of Mysia. He was likely the ruler of Phrygia near the Hellespont, near Chersonese.

1188 BC | the Pelasgians, who had migrated from Sicily and lived in Acarnania, invaded Boeotia. [Paus.1.28.3]

1188 BC | the Boeotians, driven by Thracians and Pelasgians, settled in Arne in Thessaly. [Diod.19.53, Strabo.9.2.3]

** << Why the Boeotians went into exile in Arne >>

** Amphictyon's grandson Locrus also assisted Amphion and Zethus in their attack on Thebes in 1330 BC. [FGrH.Nr333.F170]

** Locrus led the Leleges. [Hesiod.Women.82]

** Locrus' cousin Boeotus also participated, and it is believed that Boeotus' son Itonus emigrated to Boeotia. [Diod.19.53, Strabo.7.7.2]

** Boeotus' descendants led the Boeotians in an expedition to Troy, and the remaining members fled to Arne.

** Thracians was a synonym for Boeotia. [Pliny.4.27]

** Hyantes lived in Hyampolis in Phocis. [Diod.19.53, Strabo.9.2.3]

** The Thracians occupied Orchomenus. [FGrH.Nr4.F42b]

** The Pelasgians occupied Coroneia. [Diod.19.53, Strabo.9.2.3]

** The Thracians also occupied Thebes. Theban captives were taken to Haliartus but were later recaptured. [Paus.9.16.6]

1188 BC | the Orchomenians, led by Athamas, a descendant of Aeolus' son Athamas, migrated to Ionia and founded Teos. [Paus.7.3.6, Strabo.14.1.3]

** Colophon, close to Teos, was settled some time ago by captives from the Epigoni's attack on Thebes. [Paus.7.3.2, Paus.9.33.2]

** The Orchomenians, led by descendants of Athamas who had migrated to Teos, were repatriated by Philip in the 4th century BC. [Paus.9.37.8]

1188 BC | some Orchomenians, driven out by the Thracians, were taken in by Munychus and settled in Munychia, Athens. [FGrH.Nr4.F42b]

** Munychus was the son of Demophon and Laodice. [Plut.These.34] Munychus was the son of Acamas and Laodice. [Parthe.16]

1186 BC | Theseus' sons, Demophon and Acamas, who had fled to Chalcis, returned to Athens and took control of the Athenians. [Inferred]

1186 BC | Menestheus fled to Melos. [Apo.E.6.15b, Jerome Chro.1181]

1186 BC | the Athenians crossed into Scyros, killed Lycomedes, avenged Theseus's death, and brought back Theseus's remains. [Suda.th.368]

1186 BC | the Thesprotians invaded and occupied Thessaly. [FGrH.Nr70.F23, Herod.7.176, Strabo.9.5.23, VellePat.1.3.1]

** The Phocians built a wall to prevent the Thesprotians from invading. [Herod.7.176]

** The Thesprotians, led by Thessalus, occupied the area by force and called it Thessaly. Previously, it was called the land of the Myrmidones. [VellePat.1.3.1]

** Thucydides considered the Thesprotians to be non-Greeks. [Thucy.2.80]

** The Boeotians of Arne in Thessaly were defeated by Haimon and returned to Boeotia. [Suda.pi.962]

** Some inhabitants of Arne remained as penestai (serfs) and continued to live there for three generations. [Athen.264b, Suda.Pi.962]

1186 BC | the seer Peripoltas led Opheltes, son of Peneleus, and the Boeotians from Arne to Chaeroneia. [Plut.Cimon.1]

** Opheltes is believed to have only stayed in Arne in Thessaly for two years.

** Opheltes likely did not have the power to recapture Coroneia, where he had lived before going to Thessaly, from the Pelasgians.

** Chaeroneia was then called Arne. [FGrH.Nr4.F81, Paus.9.40.5]

1186 BC | the Achaeans were defeated by the sons of Antenor, abandoned their quest to recapture Ilium, and fled to various locations.

** Upon receiving news of the fall of Thessaly, the expeditionary force is believed to have disbanded.

1186 BC | Neoptolemus stopped at Tenedos and stayed there for two days. [Apo.E.6.5]

** < Why Neoptolemus Abandoned His Return to Thessaly >

** Neoptolemus's hometown was seized by Acastus, but he recaptured it and returned home. [Dictys.6.7-9]

** Neoptolemus traveled to the land of the Molossians and inherited Peleus's former territory after his death. [Apo.E.6.13]

** Neoptolemus despised returning and emigrated to the land of the Molossians. [Paus.1.11.1]

** Neoptolemus lost his father's kingdom while absent from it. [Just.17.3, LeakeN.4.175]

1186 BC | Diomedes anchored near the Phalerum in Athens and engaged in a night battle with Demophon. [FGrH.Nr325.F12, Paus.1.28.9]

** Diomedes, along with Nestor and Menelaus, returned via Tenedos, Lesbos, Chios, Psyria, and Euboea. [Home.Od.3.151]

** Odysseus returned to Agamemnon from Tenedos. [Home.Od.3.151]

** Diomedes arrived in Argos on the fourth day after leaving Troy. [Home.Od.3.151]

** He arrived in Phthia on the third day after leaving Troy. [Home.Il.9.356]

** On his return from Troy, Nestor stopped at Ceos and built the Nedusian temple of Athena. [Strabo.10.5.6]

** It is believed that the temple was later built by people living near the Nedon River at the head of the Gulf of Messenia who migrated to Ceos.

** The descendants of Eumelus, son of Admetus of Pherae, migrated to Athens. [FGrH.4.125]

** Eurypylus, son of Euaemon of Ormenium, settled in Patrae, Achaia, following the oracle of Delphi. [Paus.7.19.6-]

** Agamemnon returned home after stopping at Tenedos. [Apo.E.6.5]

** Agamemnon encountered a storm near Cape Malea in Laconia. [Home.Od.4.512]

** The people of Pellene, Achaia, who were aboard Agamemnon's fleet, were swept away by the storm and settled in Pellene on the Chalcidice Peninsula. [Thucy.4.120]

1186 BC | Achilles' foster father, Phoenix, died near Thermopylae. [Home.Il.9.485, Apo.E.6.12, Strabo.9.4.14]

1186 BC | Neoptolemus migrated to the land of the Molossians. [Apo.E.6.12]

** Neoptolemus was accompanied by Helenus and Andromache. [Apo.E.5.23, Apo.E.6.12, Just.17.3, Paus.2.23.6]

** Helenus was accompanied by Hector's sons, who had been given to Neoptolemus. [Dictys.5.16, Dictys.6.12]

1186 BC | the Athenians, led by Menestheus, were unable to land in Athens and migrated to Scylletium in southern Italy. [Strabo.6.1.10]

1186 BC | the Athenians, led by Menestheus, migrated to Elaea, near Cyme in Aeolis. [Strabo.13.3.5]

** Arcadians lived in Mysia, where Elaea was located. [Paus.1.4.6, Strabo.12.8.4]

1186 BC | Teucer, son of Telamon, was prevented from disembarking by his father and emigrated to Cyprus, where he founded Salamis. [Just.44.3, Paus.1.28.11, Parian.Marble.26]

** Teucer colonized Cyprus with captives. [Athen.256b]

** Upon hearing rumors of his father's death, Teucer returned home, but was prevented by Ajax's son Eurysaces and settled in Hispania. [Just.44.3]

** Teucer's son Ajax ruled the Olbe region of Cilicia and Tracheia. [Strabo.14.5.10]

1186 BC | Asclepius' son, Podalirus, founded Syrnus near Bybastus in Caria, where Damaethus ruled. [FGrH.Nr70.F167, Paus.3.26.10, Parthe.1, Steph.Byz.593.17]

** Damaethus was presumably the son of Staphylus, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos.

** Podalirus married Syrnas, daughter of Damaethus.

1186 BC | Tiresias' daughter, Manto, died in Colophon. [Photios.186.6]

** Manto's son, Mopsus, inherited the oracle of Apollo at Clarus, on the seashore near Colophon. [Photios.186.6]

** The Oracle of Apollo in Clarus is believed to have been founded by Manto.

** Rhacius and Manto's son Mopsus expelled the Carians from the area around Colophon. [Paus.7.3.2]

1186 BC | Polypoetes, son of Peirithous, and Leonteus, son of Coronus, settled in Colophon. [Apo.E.3.14, Apo.E.6.2, Dares.14]

** Philoctetes, who had joined them from Thessaly, returned safely. [Home.Od.3.176]

1186 BC | Calchas emigrated to Pamphylia and founded Selge. [Herod. 7.91, Paus. 7.3.7, Strabo. 12.7.3, Strabo. 14.4.3]

** Pamphylia is named after Mopsus' sister. [StephByz. P498.15]

** Pamphylia is named after Mopsus' daughter. [Photios. 176]

** Selge became a trusted ally of Alexander the Great. [Arr. 1.28.1]

1186 BC | Agapenor, son of Ancaeus, founded Paphos near Palaepaphos in southwestern Cyprus instead of returning to Arcadia. [Strabo. 14.6.3]

** Agapenor mined copper in Cyprus. [TzeAdLyco.447, TzeAdLyco.484]

** Agapenor arrived second after Teucer. [TzeAdLyco.478]

1186 BC | the Magnesians dedicated one-tenth of their spoils to Delphi and settled there. [Photios.186.29]

1186 BC | Elymus and Aegestus set sail from Troy. [Antiq.1.52.1]

1186 BC | Aeneas, son of Anchises, set sail from Troy. [Antiq.1.63.2, Virg.Aene.3.1]

1186 BC | Elymus and Aegestus arrived on the Crimisus River in northwestern Sicily. [Antiq.1.52.1]

1186 BC | Ialmenus, son of Astyoche (or Pernis) of Orchomenus, emigrated to the Sauromatae region. [FGrH.Nr333.F143, Strabo.9.2.42]

** Astyoche was the daughter of Actor, son of Azeus, son of Clymenus, son of Presbon, son of Phrixus, son of Athamas.

** Circe, daughter of Aeetes, son of Perseis, a descendant of Phrixus, was married to the king of the Sauromatians in 1276 BC. [Diod.4.45.4]

1185 BC | Aeneas, son of Anchises, left his winter quarters in Thracia and headed south. [Antiq.1.63.2]

1185 BC | Aeneas stopped in Delos and was welcomed by the priest Anius. [Antiq.1.50.1, Virg.Aene.3.69]

** Anius's father, Zarex, and Achilles were second cousins, sharing a common ancestor, Cecrops, the seventh king of Athens, so this legend is likely fictional.

1185 BC | Aeneas stopped in Cythera and built a temple to Aphrodite. [Antiq.1.50.1]

** Cythera was likely part of Mycenae, so this legend is also likely fictional. [FGrH.Nr10.F11, Tzetzes.1.460]

1185 BC | Aeneas was welcomed by Elymus and Aegestus in Sicily and helped them found Aegesta and Elyma. [Antiq.1.52.4]

** Aeneas's destination was likely Sicily, where he planned to reunite with Elymus and Aegestus.

1184 BC | Diomedes was sentenced to death due to a plot by his wife, Aegialeia, and left Argos to emigrate to Aetolia. [Diod.7.3.1]

** Diomedes' wife, Aegialeia, had committed adultery with Cometes, son of Sthenelus. [Apo.E.6.9, Tzetzes.3.280]

1184 BC | Diomedes, son of Tydeus, emigrated from Aetolia to the eastern coast of the Italian peninsula and founded Argyrippe. [Tzetzes.1.760, Strabo.6.3.9]

** Diomedes and Euippe, daughter of Daunius (or Daunus), king of the Daunians, had two sons, Diomedes and Amphinomus. [Antoninus.37]

** Brundisium was founded by the Aetolians who accompanied Diomedes to the sea. [Just.12.2]

** Arpi and Beneventum were founded by Diomedes. [Solinus.2.10]

1184 BC | Aeneas left his winter quarters in Sicily and set sail north along the west coast of the Italian peninsula. [Antiq.1.63.2]

1184 BC | Aeneas landed near Laurentum. [Antiq.1.45.1]

** It was the 35th year of the reign of Latinus. [Antiq.1.44.3] Mid-summer [Antiq.1.63.3]

** Aeneas's companions numbered 600. [Solinus.2.14]

1184 BC | Aeneas founded Lavinium near Laurentum. [Antiq.1.45.1, Just.43.1]

** Some traditions say that Lavinium was founded by Latinus, who named the city after his daughter. [Strabo.5.3.2]

1184 BC | Helenus migrated from Helopia across the Corcyra and founded Buthroutum. [Ovid.Meta.13.720, SerCVAene.3.293]

1182 BC | Aeneas married Lavinia, daughter of Latinus. [Antiq.1.60.1, Euseb.Chron.283, Just.43.1]

** Some traditions say that Aeneas and Lavinia married after Latinus' death in battle.

** However, since Latinus inherited Laurentium, it is likely that their marriage took place before the battle. [Euseb.Chron.283]

** Aeneias was likely born when his father, Anchises, was around 55 years old. [FGrH.Nr2.F39]

** Anchises died in Laurentium the year before Aeneas's death in battle. [Antiq.1.64.5]

** If this is true, Anchises would have been 100 years old. He likely died in Sicily around 1220 BC | after Aeneas' birth.

** Pausanias reports that Anchises' tomb is in Arcadia. This story is likely a fabrication, due to the similarity of the mountain names. [Paus.8.12.8]

** Anchises died in Drepanum, western Sicily. [Virg.Aeneas.3.692]

** Aeneas held Anchises' funeral in Sicily. [Hyginus.273]

1182 BC | Latinus was killed in battle against the rebellious Rutulians. [Antiq.1.43.2, Antiq.1.64.2, Just.43.1]

1182 BC | Tyrrhenus was killed in battle against the Latins. [Antiq.1.64.3]

1182 BC | Tydeus' son Diomedes was asked by Turnus, king of the Rutulians, to send reinforcements, but refused. [Ovid.Meta.14.460]

** Turnus was a descendant of Inachus and Acrisius. [SerCVAene.6.88]

1182 BC | Pallas, son of Evander, was killed in battle against Turnus, king of the Rutulians, siding with Aeneas. [Virg.Aenea.10.466]

** Turnus allied himself with Mezentius, king of the Etrurians living in Caerea. [Livius.1.2]

1182 BC | Turnus of the Rutulians was killed in battle against Aeneas. [Euseb.Chron.283, Just.43.1]

1182 BC | Aeneas inherited Laurentum. [Antiq.1.43.2, Antiq.1.64.2, Diod.7.5.2, Just.43.1]

1182 BC | Agamemnon's son, Halaesus, was killed in battle against Pallas, son of Evander, an ally of Aeneas. [Virg.Aene.10.411]

1181 BC | Menestheus died in Melos. [Apo.E.6.15b, JeromeChro.1181]

** Menestheus succeeded Polyanax as king of Melos. [Apo.E.6.15b]

1180 BC | Aeneas and Lavinia had a daughter, Aemilia. [Plut.Romu.2]

1180 BC | Andros, son of Anius (or Anion), son of Zarex, emigrated from Delos to Andros near Euboea. [Diod.5.79.2]

1179 BC | Aeneas was killed in battle against the rebellious Rutulians. Ascanius succeeded Laurentum. [Antiq.1.64.3, Just.43.1]

** Aeneas died seven years after the fall of Troy. [Antiq.1.65.1]

1178 BC | Aeneas and Lavinia had a son, Silvius. [Antiq.1.70.1]

1178 BC | Orestes killed Aegisthus and became king of Mycenae. [Dictys.6.3, Hyginus.119]

** Pylades, a friend of Orestes, killed the sons of Nauplius who had joined Aegisthus. [Paus.1.22.6]

** The account in Book 3 of The Return of the Sons of Atreus, in which Hermioneus pursued Iasus and stabbed him with a spear, likely refers to this event. [Athen.9.399a]

** Hermioneus is thought to be Pylades' brother.

** The story that Orestes received reinforcements from Crete and Athens is likely fiction. [Dictys.6.3]

** In fact, Aegisthus was elderly, so it is possible that Orestes seized control of Mycenae upon hearing of his death.

1178 BC | Menelaus plundered the Troad and returned in his eighth year. [Paus.3.22.2]

** Menelaus returned on the day Orestes held a memorial feast after killing Aegisthus in the eighth year of his reign. [Home.Od.3.312]

** Menelaus returned after eight years of wandering and met Orestes, who had completed his revenge. [Apo.E.6.29]

** Menelaus returned to Amyclae and died. [Pind.Py.11.1]

1175 BC | Mopsus, son of Manto, and his half-brother Amphilochus emigrated from Colophon to Cilicia Pedias and founded Mallus. [Strabo.14.5.16]

** Mopsus and Amphilochus later fought and both died. [Strabo.14.5.16]

** Mopsus had three daughters: Rhode, Melias, and Pamphilia. The Lycian cities of Rhodia and Pamphilia were named after his daughters. [Photios.176]

** Aristandrus of Telmessus, who accompanied Alexander the Great and predicted the development of Alexandria in Egypt, is believed to be a descendant of Mopsus. [Arr.3.2]

** Meles, king of Sardis, and Croesus are said to have received oracles from Telmessus. [Herod.1.78, Herod.1.84]

1175 BC | Neoptolemus sacked Delphi and was killed in battle against the Delphians led by Machaereus, son of Daetas. [Apo.E.6.14, Strabo.9.3.9, FGrH.Nr12.F15, FGrH.Nr333.F64]

** It is also said that he was murdered by Orestes and others. [Apo.E.6.14, Paus.2.29.9, Just.17.3, Hyginus.123]

** Neoptolemus was killed by Orestes at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi for betraying the priest Machaereus. [Jerome Chro.1160]

** The Magnesians, who returned from Troy and settled in Delphi, likely assisted the Delphians in their fight against Neoptolemus.

1175 BC | Oneiros, son of Achilles and Deidamia, was killed by Orestes in the Battle of Phocis. [Photios.190]

** Oneiros, along with his brother Neoptolemus, likely fought against Orestes, who sided with the Phocians and the Delphians.

1175 BC | Acarnan, son of Alcmaeon, founded Anaktorion in Acarnania. [Ps-Scym.450]

1175 BC | Phoetius, son of Alcmaeon, founded Phoetiae in Acarnania. [FGrH.4.30]

1175 BC | Acrisius, likely the son of Pheidippus, son of Dexamenus, son of Heracles, rebuilt Larisa. [Steph.L412.18]

1173 BC | Agamemnon died after ruling Mycenae for 30 (or 35) years. [Euseb.Chron.179, (JeromeChro.1197)]

1173 BC | Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, led the Dorians in an attack on Mycenae and destroyed the city. [Estimated from Paus.3.15.10 and Paus.4.30.1]

** Recent archaeological excavations have confirmed evidence of destruction at Mycenae in the 12th century BC. [wiki: Mycenae]

** The Dorians also destroyed Tiryns and Midea and occupied Argos. [Estimated from Orestes' migration to Tegea, etc.]

** Hyllus was killed in his second attempt, Cleodius in his third, and Aristomachus in his fourth. [Newton.63]

1173 BC | Abia, the nurse of Heracles' son Glenus (or Gleneus), and some of the people abandoned their plans to return home and settled in Ire, Messenia. [Paus.4.30.1]

** Abia, the nurse of Heracles' son Glenus (born 1224 BC), is estimated to have been born in 1241 BC. Glenus is also believed to have participated in the expedition.

** Glenus was older than Cleodaeus and the son of the founder, Heracles.

** However, it is believed that the leader of the Heracleidae was Cleodaeus, the son of Hyllus, the son of Heracles, king of the Dorians. [Paus.4.30.1]

** There was a birth difference of more than 40 years between Cleodaeus and his son, Aristomachus, suggesting that Cleodaeus' eldest son participated in the expedition with him.

** Cleodaeus was killed in battle, and his eldest son, along with Glenus's nurse Abia, fled to Messenia and settled in Ire (later Abia). [Paus.4.30.1]

** His eldest son's grandson is believed to have been Polyphontes, a supposed descendant of the "true" Heracles. [Apo.2.8.5]

1173 BC | the Magnesians of Thessaly migrated from Delphi to Lydia via Crete and founded Magnesia. [Photios.186.29]

** Machaereus, son of Daetas, also migrated with the Magnesians and participated in the founding of Magnesia. [Dic. Machaereus, Strabo. 14.1.40, Strabo. 9.3.9]

** Branchus, who migrated from Magnesia to near Miletus and established the oracle of Apollo at Didyma, was a descendant of Machaereus. [Strabo. 9.3.9]

1173 BC | Orestes fled to Tegea in Arcadia. [Estimated from Paus. 8.5.4 and Herod. 1.67]

** Orestes migrated from Mycenae to Arcadia following the oracle of Apollo at Delphi. [Paus. 8.5.4]

** Since Orestes died in Tegea, the relocation of the capital to Trapezus and Orestes' migration are likely related. [Herod. 1.67]

** Orestes also ruled over most of Arcadia. [Paus.2.18.5]

** During the Messenian War, the Arcadians supported the Messenians as their kindred spirits.

** Agamemnon ruled over seven towns along the Gulf of Messenia, and many Achaeans likely resided in Messenia.

** Many Achaeans likely migrated to Tegea along with Orestes.

** Mycenae was likely inherited by Aletes, son of Aegisthus. Aletes was the brother of Orestes' wife, Erigone. [Hyginus.124]

1173 BC | King Hippothous of Arcadia moved the capital from Tegea to Trapezus. [Paus.8.5.4]

** Hippothous participated in the Calydonian boar hunt, so he is believed to have been born before 1262 BC. [Paus.8.45.7]

1173 BC | Agamemnon's son Hyperion fled from Mycenae to Megara. [Inferred from Paus.1.43.3]

1173 BC | Ajax's sons, Philaeus and Eurysaces, migrated to Brauron and Melite. [Plut.Solon.10]

** Eurysaces' sanctuary was in Melite, and he likely resided there. [Harp10Orat.e167]

** Therefore, Philaeus likely resided in Brauron. [Harp10Orat.e167]

** The migration of Philaeus and Eurysaces is likely due to Hyperion's migration from Mycenae to Megara.

1170 BC | the sons of Hector, with the aid of Priam's son Helenus, drove out the sons of Antenor and recaptured Ilium. [Estimated from Jerome Chro. 1154]

** Troy fell on the eighth day after the last day of the month Thargelion, 17 days before the summer solstice. [Antiq. 1.63.1]

** Troy is said to have fallen on the full moon of the month Thargelion.

** Based on the historical solar eclipse of April 16, 1178 BC | and assuming a lunar cycle of 29.53 days, the capture of Ilium occurred on June 1, 1170 BC.

** Odyssey Eclipse - https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhistory/SEhistory.html

** Herodotus describes the Trojan War as a tragic event that occurred before the Persian invasion of Greece. [Herod.6.98]

** Orestes's subsequent colonization of Tenedos was well-timed, and it is believed that he also participated in the Trojan campaign.

1170 BC | Orestes led an expedition and began colonizing Aeolis. [Strabo.13.1.3]

** The colonization of Aeolis began four generations before the Ionians. [Strabo.13.1.3]

1170 BC | Orestes founded Tenedos with Peisander of Amyclae. [FGrH.Nr4.F32, Pind.Ne.11, Strabo.13.1.3]

** Peisander's maternal grandfather was Melanippus, a commander in the siege of Thebes. [Pind.Ne.11]

** The inhabitants of Tenedos were accepted by Agamemnon and settled in Tenea in Argolis. [Paus.2.5.4]

** Orestes knew that the inhabitants of Tenea were refugees from Tenedos and that Antenor had driven them out.

** Some of the inhabitants of Tenea likely joined Orestes' expedition and returned to Tenedos. Most of the inhabitants later emigrated to Sicily.

** The 4th-century BC historian Nymphodorus, in his "Voyage around Asia," describes Tenedos as an island of beautiful women. [Athen.13.609e]

1170 BC | Perinthus of Epidaurus accompanied Orestes and founded Perinthus (not in Thracia). [Steph.P517.17]

1170 BC | Aepytus, son of Hippothus, ascended to the throne as king of Arcadia. [Paus.8.5.4]

1170 BC | Ajax, son of Teucer, emigrated from Cyprus to Cilicia (Tracheia) and ruled the Olbe region. [Strabo.14.5.10]

1169 BC | Castor and Polydeuces (Dioscuri), sons of Tyndareus, were enshrined as gods. [Paus.3.13.1]

** The deification of the Dioscuri occurred 40 years after the battle between Idas and Lynceus. [Paus.3.13.1]

1165 BC | Aeatus, son of Pheidippus, son of Dexamenus, son of Heracles, attacked the rebellious Boeotians who remained in Arne. [Polya.8.44]

1165 BC | Cylarabes, son of Sthenelus, died. [Paus.2.18.5]

** The 585-year royal line of Argos, established by Phoroneus, son of Inachus, came to an end.

1165 BC | Orestes occupied Argos. [Paus.2.18.5]

** At this time, Orestes was a neighbor of Argos. [Paus.2.18.5] Orestes likely lived in Tegea, not Mycenae.

1160 BC | a revolt broke out in Andrus, and Andros, son of Anius, migrated to the southern foot of Mount Ida and founded Antandros. [Photios.186.41]

1160 BC | Agamemnon's son Hyperion was killed by Sandion for his tyrannical behavior, and the monarchy of Megara was abolished. [Paus.1.43.3]

1156 BC | Pergamus, son of Neoptolemus, emigrated to Asia Minor with his mother Andromache and founded Pergamon. [Paus.1.11.2]

** Andromache and Hector had several sons. Neoptolemus gave Hector's sons to Helenus. [Dictys.5.16]

** Hector's son Laodamas was with Neoptolemus along with Andromache. [Dictys.6.12]

1154 BC | Ascanius, son of Aeneas, founded Alba. [Antiq.1.66.1]

** Alba was founded 30 years after the founding of Lavinium. [Antiq.1.66.1]

1150 BC | the Amazons, led by Smyrna, burned the temple at Ephesus. [Euseb.Chron.185, Strabo.14.1.4]

** During the reign of Oxyntes, son of Demophon (1153-41 BC). [Euseb.Chron.185]

** The Ephesians were called Sisyrbitae after Sisyrbe. [Strabo.14.1.4]

1150 BC | Medon, son of Pylades, migrated east from Cirrha and founded Medeon. [StephByz.M439.19]

1150 BC | Pharsalus, son of Acrisius, founded Pharsalus (later Palaepharsalus). [Steph.Ph659.18]

1150 BC | after the death of Diomedes, his son Amphinomus migrated from the Italian peninsula to Aetolia. [This is presumed to be because his daughter's son was in Aetolia.]

Ascanius died in 1142 BC. His half-brother Silvius succeeded him. [Antiq.1.70.1]

** This was in the 38th year of Ascanius' reign. [Antiq.1.70.1]

Orestes died in 1132 BC. [Herod.1.67, Paus.2.18.6]

** Orestes died of a snakebite at the age of 70 in Orestia, Arcadia. [Apo.E.6.28, FGrH.Nr12.F25, TzeAdLyco.1374]

** Orestes' original tomb was located inside the city gates of Tegea. Spartans stole his remains from there. [Paus.8.54.4]

** Orestes died in Arcadia. [Herod.1.67, Strabo.13.1.3]

** Orestes died in Oresteia. [Apo.E.6.28, TzeAdLyco.1374]

** Oresteia is believed to have been located in the city of Tegea, not Oresthasium in southern Arcadia.

** The name Oresthasium, which came to be called Oresteia, is thought to have been unrelated to Orestes' residence. [Paus.8.3.2]

1126 BC | Thessalus, son of Aeatus, son of Pheidippus, son of Dexamenus, son of Heracles, expelled the Boeotians who had remained in Arne. [Polya.1.12]

1126 BC | the Boeotians, expelled from Arne in Thessaly, returned to Boeotia. [Strabo.9.2.3, Strabo.9.2.29, Thucy.1.12]

1126 BC | the Boeotians, returning from Arne, recaptured Coroneia and annexed Orchomenus. [Strabo.9.2.3, Strabo.9.2.29]

** The Orchomenians, who had taken refuge in Munychia in Athens, also returned at this time. [Strabo.9.2.3]

1126 BC | some Orchomenians, along with Chaeron, son of Thero, emigrated to Arne, where the Boeotians had been expelled, and called the area Chaeroneia. [FGrH.Nr1.F116, Paus.9.40.5, Plut.Sulla.17]

1126 BC | the Boeotians, together with the Orchomenians, expelled the Pelasgians from Boeotia. The Pelasgians went to Athens. [Strabo.9.2.3]

** Some of these Pelasgians were descendants of those who migrated from Samothrace to Boeotia with Cadmus and others. [Herod.2.51]

** The Pelasgians lived below the Athenian acropolis and built the walls under the command of Agrolas and Hyperbius. [Herod.6.137, Paus.1.28.3, Strabo.9.2.3]

** In recognition of their contributions to the construction of the walls, the Pelasgians were awarded the barren land at the foot of Mount Hymettus (the Pelasgicon region). However, the Athenians, jealous of their successful cultivation of the land, expelled them. [Herod.6.137]

1126 BC | Penthilus, son of Orestes, sailed from the port of Aulis and colonized Lesbos. [Paus.3.2.1, Strabo.9.2.3, Strabo.13.1.3]

** Penthilus was in Mitylene, eastern Lesbos. He was killed by Megacles in Mitylene. [AristPoli.1311b]

** Penthilus died before settling in Lesbos and founding a town. 100 years later, Gras (or Graus) founded a town. [FGrH.3.195, TzeAdLyco.1374]

** The return of the Boeotians and Penthilus' departure from Aulis occurred 60 years after the fall of Troy. [Strabo.13.1.3, Thucy.1.12]

** This was around the time of the return of the Heracleidae. [Strabo.13.1.3]

1126 BC | Damasichthon, son of Opheltes, marched from Chaeroneia and entered Thebes.

1126 BC | Autesion, the last king of Cadmus' descendants, was driven from Thebes and fled to Aristodemus in the Dorian lands. [Paus.9.5.15]

** Autesion's grandmother's hometown, Argos, was under the rule of Tisamenus, son of Orestes, of Mycenae.

** Autesion's migration is thought to have been one of the factors that led Aristomachus to launch an expedition against Peloponnesus.

1126 BC | Aristomachus was defeated by Tisamenus, son of Orestes. [Apo.2.8.2, Paus.2.7.6, Strabo.13.1.3]

** Aristomachus...

1126 BC | an expedition led by Cleues and Malaus, sons of Dorus, descendants of Agamemnon, was stationed near Locris for an extended period. [Strabo.13.1.3]

** Cleues and Malaus likely observed the return of the Heracleidae under Aristomachus to Peloponnesus.

** Although more than 100 km away from the departure point of Penthilus' expedition, the Dorian settlement was located in the immediate vicinity of Cleues's departure point.

** Cleues and Malaus were great-grandsons of Agamemnon, and their grandparents were likely exiled from Mycenae by Aegisthus.

** Many members of the expedition were likely Aeolis (possibly fleeing from Thessaly) who lived at Mount Phricium. [FGrH.Nr4.F80]

1126 BC | Malaus' expedition conquered the Pelasgians living around Larisa and founded Phryconian Cyme. [Strabo.13.1.3, Strabo.13.3.3]

** The Pelasgians of Larisa were a powerful tribe, but were weakened by the Trojan War. [Strabo.13.3.3]

** Driven from the area around Larisa, the Pelasgians, led by the descendants of Teutamus, fled to Pisae in Italy and lived among the Tyrrhenians. [Estimated from Pliny.3.50]

** The main settler in Cyme was Aeolis, who was driven from Thessaly by the Thesprotians. [Estimated from FGrH.Nr4.F80]

** Cyme was the name of the Amazons. [Strabo.11.5.4, 12.3.21]

1125 BC | Agron, son of Ninus, son of Belus, son of Alcaeus, son of Heracles, ascended to the throne of Sardis. [Herod.1.7]

** This genealogy is likely fictional.

1120 BC | Penthilus, son of Orestes, led the Boeotians in the Aeolian colony. [Strabo.9.2.5]

** This was after expelling the Thracians and Perasgians from Boeotia in 1126 BC. [Strabo.9.2.5]

1120 BC | Erginus, likely the son of Amphinomus, emigrated to Argos, the homeland of his grandfather Diomedes. [This is likely because Erginus was a descendant of Diomedes.]

1115 BC | Temenus, son of Aristomachus, prepared his army after hearing an oracle that warned him that "the return would be the third harvest of descendants." [Apo.2.8.2]

1115 BC | Temenus appointed Oxylus, son of Haemon, son of Thoas, as his guide. [Apo.2.8.3, Paus.5.3.5, Strabo.8.3.33]

** Oxylus advised Temenus to enter Peloponnesus by ship rather than by land. [Paus.5.3.6]

** Temenus, having learned from his past mistakes, planned to invade Peloponnesus by sea, likely recruiting Oxylus, who was knowledgeable about the area.

** Oxylus was the son of Haemon, son of Thoas, son of Gorge, sister of Deianeira, mother of Hyllus, father of Cleodaeus, father of Aristomachus, father of Temenus's father.

** Thus, Oxylus was a third cousin of Temenus's father, making them a relative.

1115 BC | Temenus built a ship in Naupactus, Locris. [Apo.2.8.2, Paus.10.38.10, Strabo.9.4.7]

** Temenus was the founder of Naupactus. [Ps-Scym.475]

1115 BC | Temenus' brother, Aristodemus, was murdered in Delphi by Tisamenus' cousins, Medon and Strophius. [Apo.2.8.2, Paus.3.1.6, Paus.2.16.7]

** Medon and Strophius lived in Cirrha, 60 stades southwest of Delphi. [Pindar.Py.11]

** Aristodemus died of illness after witnessing the birth of his child. [Herod.6.52]

** Aristodemus was struck by lightning. [Apo.2.8.2]

1115 BC | Hippotes (Hippotas), son of Phylas, murdered the prophet Carnus in Naupactus. [Apo.2.8.3, Paus.3.13.4, Photios.186.26]

** Carnus was likely the grandson of Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus of Argos.

1115 BC | Temenus, through an oracle, exiled Hippotes for 10 years. [Apo.2.8.3]

** Hippotes was a descendant of Antiochus, born to the daughter of Phylas, king of Dryopes, who had been driven out by Heracles.

** Forty years later, Hippotes' son Aletes gained control of Corinth. [Paus.2.4.4]

1115 BC | the Pelasgians were expelled from Athens and migrated to Lemnos and Imbros. [FGrH.Nr328.F100, Herod.6.137]

1115 BC | the Minyans, who lived in Lemnos, were driven out by the Pelasgians and migrated to Lacedaemon. [Herod.4.145, Paus.7.2.2, Strabo.8.3.19]

** Some of the Minyans migrated to Cyzicus. The inhabitants of Cyzicus migrated to Antandros, south of Mount Ida. [Photios.186.41]

** Conon reports that the Tyrrhenians were the ones who drove out the inhabitants of Cyzicus, but it is believed that it was the Minyans living in Lemnos (Tyrrhenia).

** The Spartans accepted the Minyans because their ancestors were the Argonauts, just like their own. [Herod. 4.145]

** Some Minyans migrated from Orchomenus to Iolcus, and thus the warriors of the Argo came to be called Minyans. [Strabo. 9.2.40]

** Pelias of Iolcus likely brought some Minyans with him when he married Phylomache, daughter of Amphion of Orchomenus.

** Similar examples can be found in the cases of Neleus and Niobe. [Strabo. 8.3.19, Strabo. 8.4.4]

** The king of Sparta at the time was likely Tisamenus, son of Orestes, descended from Tyndareus.

** Herodotus reports that he was a third-generation descendant (or children of children) of the Argonauts. [Herod.4.145]

** Pylades (a close friend of Orestes), son of Strophius, son of Crisus, son of Phocus (Peleus was an Argonaut). Tisamenus was the fourth generation from the Argonauts.

** Herodotus calculates three generations as 100 years. [Herod.2.142]

1115 BC | the Pelasgians of Lemnos abducted the daughters of Brauron in Attica. [FGrH.Nr328.F100, FGrH.Nr328.F101, Herod.6.138]

** The first inhabitants of Lemnos, the Sinties or Sinti, were Pelasgians. [FGrH.Nr328.F101][Thucy.2.98, Home.Il.1.594, Strabo.7.8.3]

1114 BC | Temenus again began building ships in Naupactus.

1113 BC | Temenus completed construction of a fleet for the crossing and sent a message to Naupactus to assemble the following spring.

1112 BC | Temenus set out from Pindus in Doris and arrived in Naupactus. [Herod.1.56, Pind.Py.1.66, Strabo.9.4.10]

** The Heracleidae set out from Dryopis and returned to Peloponnesus. [Strabo.9.4.10]

** The Dorians traveled from Dryopis to Peloponnesus. [Herod. 1.56]

** The Heracleidae and Dorians set out from Pindus and arrived in Sparta and Amyclae. [Pind. Py. 1.66]

** Temenus was accompanied by Hegeleos, a descendant of Heracles and Omphale. [Paus. 2.21.3]

** Hegeleos later built a sanctuary of Athena's Trumpet in Argos. [Paus. 2.21.3]

1112 BC | Ionians from Tetrapolis in Attica joined Temenus' army at Naupactus. [Estimated from Strabo. 8.6.15]

** Ionians from Tetrapolis in Attica also accompanied Temenus and settled in Epidaurus in Argolis. [Strabo.8.6.15]

1112 BC | Temenus, guided by Oxylus, sailed from Naupactus to Molycrium and prepared for the crossing. [Paus.5.3.6]

** From Cape Antirrhium (Molycrian Rhium), on the border between Aetolia and Locris, they headed for Cape Rion on the opposite shore. [Inferred from Strabo.8.2.3]

** Polybius reports that the Locrians had agreed to contact Tisamenus if the Heracleidae headed for Rion. [Polyb.12.12a]

1112 BC | Tisamenus awaited Temenus and his companions near Rion in Achaia. [Polya.1.9]

1112 BC | Tisamenus, tricked by Temenus's deception, moved his army to Isthmus. [Polya.1.9]

1112 BC | Temenus landed at Rion in Achaia. [Paus.8.5.6, Polya.1.9]

** The strait was approximately 3 km wide. Tisamenus's ships were obstructed. [Apo.2.8.3]

1112 BC | Temenus, guided by Oxylus, marched from Aegae in Achaia to Arcadia. [Paus.5.4.1]

** It is believed that the Heracleidae, descendants of the Arcadians who participated in Heracles' expeditions, were recruited into the expeditionary force from around Pheneus.

1112 BC | King Cypselus of Arcadia offered his daughter Merope in marriage to Temenus' brother Cresphontes. [Paus.8.5.6, Polya.1.7]

1112 BC | Temenus' brother Cresphontes married Cypselus' daughter Merope in Trapezus, Arcadia. [Paus.4.3.6]

1111 BC | Temenus incorporated the Arcadians of Trapezus into his army and invaded Pylus.

** The Arcadians had been invading and hostile towards the land since the time of Neleus, the son of Melanthus, the son of Andropompus of Pylus. [Home.7.132, Paus.8.11.4, Strabo.8.3.21]

1111 BC | Temenus exiled Neleus' descendants, including Melanthus, from Pylus. [Paus.2.18.8]

** There is a tradition that Melanthus was king of Pylus. [Euseb.Chron.183, Jerome Chron.1136, Jerome Chron.1129, Paus.7.2.3, Photios.186.39]

** However, since Melanthus was not a direct descendant of Nestor, he was not king of Pylus, but rather was king of Messenia as a direct descendant of Neleus' eldest son.

1111 BC | Melanthus moved to Athens and exiled Thymoetes, son of Oxyntes. [Paus.2.18.9]

** Melanthus, having asked the gods in Delphi where he should live, decided to go to Athens, where Eleusis was located. [Athen.3.96e]

** The cult of the Great Goddess, which Caucon, a priest of Eleusis, had brought to Messene in Andania, continued unbroken. [Paus.4.1.5]

** Melanthus's mother and wife were Athenians. Melanthus was likely the son-in-law of Thymoetes. [Paus.7.2.3, Tzetzes.1.180]

** Among Melanthus's migrant group were Caucones. [Herod.1.147]

1111 BC | Melanthus fought a duel with Xanthus of Thebes and killed him through a false tactic. [Polya.1.19, Strabo.9.1.7]

** Some legends say that Thymoetes avoided single combat and gave up his allegiance to Melanthus. [Photios.186.39]

** The conflict was over the possession of Melaenae (or Melania). [FGrH.Nr70.F22, Polya.1.19, Harp10Orat.a173]

** The conflict was over the possession of Oinoe. [Photios.186.39]

1111 BC | Melanthus became king of Athens. [Herod.5.65]

1111 BC | Nestor's descendant, Alcmaeon, migrated to Athens with Melanthus and became the founder of the Alcmaeonidae. [Paus.2.18.9]

1111 BC | the children of Paeon, a descendant of Nestor, emigrated to Athens with Melanthus and became the ancestors of the Paeonidae. [Paus.2.18.9]

1111 BC | Peisistratus, a descendant of Nestor, emigrated to Athens. [Herod.5.65]

** Peisistratus, son of Hippocrates, tyrant of Athens in the 6th century BC | was a descendant of Nestor. [Herod.5.65]

1110 BC | Temenus, son of Aristomachus, engaged Tisamenus in battle. [Apo.2.8.3]

1110 BC | Pamphylus and Dymas, sons of Aegimius, who sided with Tisamenus, were killed in battle with Temenus. [Apo.2.8.3]

** Pamphylus was not killed in this battle, as he later married Orsobia, daughter of Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus. [Paus.2.28.6]

1110 BC | Tisamenus besieged Argos. [Apo.2.8.3]

1110 BC | Temenus established a fortress in Temenium, south of Argos, and fought against Tisamenus. [Paus.2.38.1]

** The Heracleidae likely conquered the Argos coast with a fleet. Temenium was also likely convenient for maritime logistics. [Polya.2.12]

1110 BC | Erginus, son of Amphinomus, son of Diomedes, assisted Temenus in stealing the Palladium statue, the patron deity of Argos. [August.City.3.7, Plut.GreekQuest.48]

** After Diomedes' death, his son Amphinomus emigrated from Italy to Aetolia, and his son Erginus likely lived in Argos. [Antoninus.37]

** Erginus and Temenus were relatives, sharing a common ancestor with Oeneus of Calydon.

1109 BC | Temenus' son Phalces launched a night raid on Sicyon, but without fighting, he co-reigned with Lacestades. [Paus.2.6.7]

** Sicyon ruled for 981 years under its first king, Aegialeus (reigned 2090 BC). [Suda.sigma,402]

** In fact, the Sicyon monarchy, founded by Aegialeus, son of Inachus, lasted for 641 years from 1750 BC.

1109 BC | Agamedidas, great-grandson of Ctesippus, son of Heracles, seized Cleonae. [Paus.3.16.6]

1107 BC | Temenus claimed Argos from Tisamenus and acquired it. [Apo.2.8.4, Paus.2.18.7, Paus.4.3.3, Polya.1.6]

** Troezen, which was also under Argos' control, accepted the Dorians as residents. [Paus.2.30.10]

1107 BC | Tisamenus moved from Argos to Sparta.

1107 BC | Temenus entered Argos.

1106 BC | Temenus left Argos to capture Sparta. [Polya.1.10]

** At the time of the capture of Sparta, not only Eurysthenes and Procles, but also Temenus, likely represented the entire army. [Polya.1.10]

1106 BC | Temenus besieged Tisamenus, who was holed up in Sparta.

1106 BC | Oxylus, having completed his role as guide, left Sparta for Aetolia.

** If Oxylus had stayed with Temenus until Tisamenus' departure from Sparta, Tisamenus may have settled not in Achaia but in Pisa, where his ancestor Pelops lived.

1105 BC | the Heracleidae besieged Helos on the coast of Laconia, founded by Helius, the youngest son of Perseus, and forced its surrender. [Paus. 3.20.6]

1105 BC | Oxylus led the Aetolians in an invasion of Elis. [Paus. 6.23.8, Strabo. 8.3.33]

1105 BC | Oxylus fought against Dius of Elis and seized the kingdom of Elis. [Paus.5.4.2, Strabo.8.3.33]

** This was Aetolus's return 215 years after being chased by Salmoneus in 1320 BC.

1104 BC | Philonomus, through a secret deal with the Heracleidae, convinced Tisamenus to emigrate to Achaia. [Strabo.8.5.4-5]

** Philonomus came to Sparta from Imbros and Lemnos. [Photios.186.36]

** Philonomus is thought to have been one of the Minyans who emigrated from Lemnos to Lacedaemon in 1115 BC after being chased by the Pelasgians.

** The people who emigrated from Lemnos to Lacedaemon were recognized for their military achievements in the war against the Helots and were highly valued. [Plut.Mor.247]

1104 BC | Tisamenus emigrated from Sparta to Achaia. [Paus.2.18.8, Strabo.8.7.1, 8.8.5]

1104 BC | Theras, the guardian of Eurysthenes and Procles, proposed that the territory be decided by lottery. [Apo.2.8.4, Paus.4.3.4-5, Strabo.8.1.2, Strabo.8.5.6]

** The Heracleidae cast lots after conquering Peloponnesus. [Apo.2.8.4]

1104 BC | Cresphontes gained control of Messenia. [Apo.2.8.4, Paus.4.3.5, Polya.1.6, Strabo.8.8.5]

** The heirs of Hyllus, the eldest son of Heracles' wife Deianeira, were divided among Temenus, Cresphontes, and Aristodemus. [Diod.4.34.1, Strabo.9.4.10]

1104 BC | Eurysthenes and Procles acquired possession of Lacedaemon. [Apo.2.8.4, Polya.1.6]

** Lacedaemon was inhabited by the Hyllus tribe, one of the three Dorian tribes. [FGrH.Nr70.F173]

1104 BC | Aristodemus' twin sons, Eurysthenes and Procles, ascended to the throne as kings of Sparta.

** This was 80 years after the fall of Troy. [Thucy.1.12]

1104 BC | Philonomus was entrusted with Amyclae by Eurysthenes and Procles. [Photios.186.36, Strabo.8.5.4]

1104 BC | Tisamenus offered to live with the Ionians living in Achaia, but was refused. [Paus.7.1.8]

1103 BC | Tisamenus was killed in battle with the Ionians. [Paus.7.1.8]

** The story of Tisamenus discovering an ambush by the flight of birds is thought to be from this battle. [Polya.2.37]

1103 BC | the Ionians gathered in Helice, seeking divine protection, and the Achaeans besieged it. [Herod. 1.145, Paus. 7.1.8]

1103 BC | Cresphontes established Stenyclerus as the capital of Messenia. [Paus. 4.3.7, Strabo. 8.4.7]

1102 BC | the Ionians concluded a truce with the Achaeans and moved to Athens. [Paus. 7.1.5, Strabo. 8.7.1, Strabo. 8.7.4]

1102 BC | King Melanthus of Athens accepted the Ionians who had fled from Achaia. [Paus. 7.1.9]

1102 BC | Deiphontes, son of Antimachus (a contemporary of Temenus), led the Argives in forcing Pityreus, king of Epidaurus, to cede the throne. [Paus.2.26.1]

1102 BC | Deiphontes settled the Ionians who accompanied him from Tetrapolis in Attica in Epidaurus. [Strabo.8.6.15]

1102 BC | Pityreus, a descendant of Ion, son of Xuthus, led the inhabitants of Epidaurus to Athens. [Paus.2.26.1]

1101 BC | Oxylus, according to an oracle, welcomed Orestes' great-grandson Agorius from Helice in Achaia and made him co-ruler of Elis. [Paus.5.4.3]

** The power balance between Messenia and Eleia reversed. [Strabo.8.3.30]

1100 BC | Temenus was killed by his sons because he favored Deiphontes and Hyrnetho. [Apo.2.8.5]

1100 BC | a conflict arose between Temenus' sons and Deiphontes, the husband of his daughter Hyrnetho. [Paus.2.26.2]

1100 BC | Ceisus became king of Argos. [Paus.2.19.1]

1100 BC | Theras, son of Autesion, ended his guardianship. [Herod.4.147]

1100 BC | Archelaus, son of Penthilus, led an expedition against Aeolis and migrated to the Dascylium region and Cyzicene. [Strabo.13.1.3]