1 Introduction

Arcadia was the only region of the Peloponnesus peninsula that was cut off from the sea.

Herodotus writes that Arcadia was a mountainous region, but without gold or silver. [1]

Polybius reports that because the climate in Arcadia was cold and dismal, people obliged to practice singing and dancing to get rid of it. [2]

Pausanias praises the Ladon River, which flows through Arcadia, as the most beautiful river in Greece. [3]

Although other regions within Peloponnesus underwent numerous relocations, Arcadia's population never changed on a large scale.

2 The first Greeks

In 1560 BC, a great migration of people from Argos occurred.

The Pelasgians, led by Pelasgus, son of Agenor, son of Triopas, son of Phorbas, migrated to Arcadia. [4]

Pelasgus was a member of the Parrhasians, who had sided with Apis, son of Phoroneus of Argos, when Apis fought against Telchines of Aegialeia (later Sicyon). [5]

Pelasgus discovered that the fruit of the edible oak, which grew wild in Arcadia, was edible and taught the people about it. [6]

Oak trees were abundant along the road from Argos to Tegea, and Arcadia was rich in them. [7]

The Delphic priestess described the Arcadians as "a people who eat oak fruit." [8]

Pelasgus settled near Mount Lycaeus (now Mt. Lykaion, 1,421 m above sea level), located about 70 km west-southwest of Argos.

3 Age of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus

3.1 Founding of Lycosura

In 1525 BC, Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, founded Lycosura at the foot of Mount Lycaeus. [9]

Lycaon held the Lycaean Games. [10]

This was more than 90 years before the Idaean Heracles held the games at Olympia in Eleia. [11]

The Lycaean Games, held around 1510 BC, are likely the oldest games in Greece.

Mount Lycaeus offered views of most of the Peloponnesus Peninsula, and atop the mountain was a site of rain-making altars and human sacrifices. [12]

Pelasgus's other son, Temenus, lived at the foot of Mount Cyllene in northern Arcadia, near what would later become Stymphalus. [13]

Lycaon had many sons, including his eldest son Nyctimus, who each founded a city throughout Arcadia. [14]

3.2 Pallas, son of Lycaon

Pallas opposed his father Lycaon's human sacrifice, and this led to the birth of religious beliefs. [15]

Pallas's daughter, Athena, gifted her sister Chryse, the city's patron goddess, Palladia, to Chryse when she married Dardanus. [16]

Chryse became the sister-in-law of Cybele, who later known as the "Mother of the Gods," "Mother of the Mountains," and "Great Goddess of Phrygia", in Samothrace. [17]

3.3 Founding of Tegea

In 1470 BC, Tegeates, son of Lycaon, founded Tegea in the southeastern part of Arcadia. [18]

In 1450 BC, Tegeates' sons led a migration to Crete. [19]

The subsequent inhabitants of Tegea are unknown until the settlement of Apheidas (or Aphidas), son of Arcas, around 1370 BC. [20]

4 Age of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus

Many names of Lycaon's sons have been passed down.

Among his sons, Nyctimus and Orchomenus were born more than 30 years apart. It is believed that there was a lineage that went like this: Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, son of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, son of Agenor.

Thus, in addition to Nyctimus and Orchomenus, the first Lycaon likely had a son named Pelasgus, who in turn likely had a son named Lycaon (a second Lycaon).

4.1 Outbreak of famine

In 1450 BC, a famine occurred in Arcadia, causing the Arcadians to migrate to various locations. [21]

4.1.1 Migration to Crete

In 1450 BC, a famine occurred in Arcadia, causing the three sons of Tegeates, son of Lycaon of Tegea, Cydon, Gortys, and Archedius, to lead the Arcadians in migration to Crete. [22]

Cydon founded Cydonia in the northwest of Crete, Gortys founded Gortyna in the central part of the island, and Archedius founded Catreus in the western part of the island. [23]

Cydon married Europa, daughter of Phoenix, who was among Cadmus's immigrants who stayed in Cydonia, and they had two children, Minos and Cardys. [24]

4.1.2 Founding of Heraea

In 1450 BC, Heraeeus, the son of second Lycaon, founded Heraea on the right bank of the Alpheius River. [25]

In 1446 BC, Heraeeus married Sterope (or Asterie, Asterope), daughter of Orchomenus, the son of first Lycaon. [26]

Heraeeus and Sterope had a son, Oenomaus. [27]

4.1.3 Migration to Eleia

In 1450 BC, Caucon, son of Lycaon, migrated from Arcadia to southern Eleia and founded Lepreum. [28]

The Pelasgians, led by Caucon, changed their name to Caucones. [29]

4.1.4 Migration to Achaia

In 1450 BC, Hyperetus, son of Lycaon, migrated to Achaia and founded Hyperesia. [30]

4.2 Occurrence of the Great Flood

In 1430 BC, a long-term flood occurred in central Arcadia. [31]

Struggling with severe food shortages, the Arcadians migrated to various locations.

4.2.1 Migration to Troad

Dardanus, son of Electra, daughter of Orchomenus, son of Lycaon, lived in Methydrium, founded by his grandfather Orchomenus. Methydrium was located on a hill between the Maloetas and Mylaon rivers, at an altitude of about 1,000 m. [32]

In 1430 BC, Dardanus led the Arcadians on a journey in search of new lands. Dardanus traveled north across the Aegean Sea and settled in Samothrace, off the coast of the Melas Gulf just before the Strait of Hellespont. [33]

Dardanus later relocated to Troy in northwestern Anatolia, where he became the founder of the Trojan Kingdom. [34]

4.2.2 Migration to Boeotia

Dardanus's aunt Alcyone accompanied Dardanus, along with her husband Megassares, her two sons Hyperenor and Hyrieus, and her daughter Pharnace. [35]

Megassares joined Cadmus's migration group, which stopped in Samothrace, and resettled Boeotia, founding Hyria. [36]

Megassares's two sons, Hyrieus and Hyperenor, became Sparti, second only to Cadmus in power. [37]

4.2.3 Migration to Cyprus

Megassares' daughter Pharnace married Sandocus, son of Astynous of Sidon, and had a son, Cinyras. [38]

Astynous was the son of Phaethon, son of Tithonus, son of Cephalus, son of Herse, daughter of Cecrops, the first king of Athens. [39]

Sandocus migrated from Tyre in Phoenicia to Cilicia and founded Celenderis. [40]

Cinyras traveled from Celenderis to Cyprus, offshore, and founded Palaepaphos near the island's southwest coast. [41]

4.2.4 Migration to Paros

Parus, son of Parrhasius, son of Lycaon, who lived in Parrhasia in Arcadia, also accompanied Dardanus's migrations partway. Parus settled in Paros, south of Delos. [42]

4.2.5 Migration to Achaia

Merope, daughter of Orchomenus, who lived in Orchomenus in Arcadia, fled to Hyperesia in Achaia. [43]

Merope's uncle, Hyperetus, lived in Hyperesia. [44]

In 1426 BC, Merope married Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, who lived in Aegialus. [45]

4.3 Marriage from Argos

In 1422 BC, Oenomaus, son of Heraeeus, who lived in Heraea, married Eurythoe, daughter of Danaus, from Argos. [46]

5 Age of Arcas, son of Callisto

5.1 Introduction of Writing

The genealogy of the Arcadians suddenly becomes more detailed during the time of Arcas, son of Callisto.

This is thought to be due to the migration of literate people to Arcadia, and there are three possible routes for this.

1) The migration from Argos by Amphianax, grandson of Danaus (contemporary of Arcas).

2) The migration from Eleusis accompanying the marriage of Arcas, son of Callisto, and Meganira, daughter of Crocon.

3) The migration from Cyprus accompanying the marriage of Elatus, son of Arcas, and Laogore, daughter of Cinyras.

5.2 Migration from Argos

In 1408 BC, Amphianax, son of Antimachus, son of Aegyptus, and Midea, daughter of Danaus, migrated from Argos to the land that would later become Mantineia. [47]

The Argives founded five settlements, called Ptolis. Later, it was named Mantineia after Mantineus, son of Lycaon. [48]

In the same year, Abas, son of Lynceus, also migrated from Argos to Phocis and founded Abae. [49]

The reason for their migration is presumably the occupation of Argos by Lamedon, son of Gelanor, who lived in Sicyon and had been driven out by Danaus. [50]

Since Abas, son of Lynceus, was married to Aglaia, daughter of Mantineus, it is likely that Abas migrated to Arcadia with Amphianax and later returned to Phocis. [51]

Abas and Amphianax were cousins.

The tomb of Maera, daughter of Antaia, daughter of Amphianax, was located near Mantineia. [52]

5.3 Founding of Trapezus

In 1405 BC, Arcas, son of Callisto, settled near the Alpheius River and founded Trapezus. [53]

5.4 Visit of Triptolemus

In 1402 BC, Arcas, son of Callisto, received seeds of cultivated grain from Triptolemus, son of Celeus of Eleusis, and taught the inhabitants how to make bread. [54]

5.5 Marriage from Eleusis

In 1402 BC, Arcas married Meganira, daughter of Crocon, son of Triptolemus. [55]

Crocon lived in the Athenian region, across the Rheiti River from the Eleusinian region. [56]

5.6 Marriage to Argos

In 1401 BC, Aglaia, daughter of Mantineus, was married to Abas, son of Lynceus of Argos. [57]

This marriage was brought about by Abas's cousin, Amphianax, who emigrated from Argos to Ptolis (later Mantineia).

5.7 Migration to Ceos

In 1390 BC, Aristaeus, son of Archander, son of Achaeus, and Cyrene, daughter of Hypseus, emigrated to Ceos. [58]

The Parrhasians, descendants of Lycaon, participated in the migration. [59]

6 Age of Apheidas, son of Arcas

6.1 Exile from Argos

In 1370 BC, Proetus, son of Abas of Argos, who had been exiled by Acrisius, fled to Amphianax of Ptolis. [60]

Aegyptus, the father of Antimachus, the father of Amphianax, was the father of Lynceus, the father of Abas, the father of Proetus.

Thus, Proetus fled to seek refuge with Amphianax, his father Abas' cousin.

Proetus married Amphianax's daughter, Stheneboea. [61]

Homer reports Proetus's wife as Anteia, but he seems to mistake her for the wife of Proetus, son of Thersander. [62]

In 1368 BC, Proetus returned to Argolis and occupied Tiryns. [63]

6.2 Marriage to Corinth

In 1370 BC, Anteia, daughter of Amphianax, was married from Ptolis to Proetus, son of Thersander, son of Sisyphus, of Corinth. [64]

6.3 Marriage from Cyprus

In 1360 BC, Elatus, son of Arcas, married Laogore, daughter of Cinyras and Metharme, from Palaepaphos in southwestern Cyprus. [65]

Elatus' marriage to Laodice is likely related to Laodice's grandmother, Pharnace, who was born in Arcadia.

6.4 Founding of Cleitor

In 1355 BC, Cleitor, son of Azan, son of Arcas, migrated from Trapezus to northern Arcadia and founded Cleitor. [66]

6.5 Marriage from Sicyon

In 1354 BC, Alxion, a resident of Heraea, married Harpina (or Harpine), daughter of Epopeus, from Sicyon. [67]

Alxion and Harpina had a son, Oenomaus. [68]

6.6 Founding of Elateia

In 1350 BC, Elatus, son of Arcas, led the Arcadians in a battle against the Phlegyans, who had invaded the sanctuary of Delphi. Elatus sided with the Phocians and repelled the Phlegyans. [69]

Elatus founded Elateia in Phocis. [70]

In Strabo's time, Elateia was the largest town in Phocis. [71]

Elateia is not mentioned by Homer and is thought to have developed later than Homer. [72]

7 Age of Aleus, son of Apheidas

7.1 Legend of Daphne

Pausanias wrote about the legend of Daphne. It was set in Heraea, near the confluence of the Alpheius River, which flows from Arcadia to Eleia, and the Ladon River, which flows from the north. [73]

Pausanias praised the Ladon River, which flows near Heraea, as the most beautiful river in Greece, and its beautiful flow likely gave rise to the legend of Daphne. [74]

Heraea was founded by Heraeus, son of Lycaon. It was then succeeded by Oenomaus, son of Sterope (or Asterie, Asterope), whom Pausanias mistakenly reports as Oenomaus of Pisa. [75]

Therefore, Leucippus, who appears in the legend of Daphne, was not the son of Oenomaus of Pisa, but the son of Oenomaus, who lived in Heraea, Oenomaus's great-grandfather. [76]

Pausanias notes that the legend of Daphne persisted in Arcadia and Eleia. It is likely that the legend originated in Arcadia and spread with the arrival of Oenomaus, father of Hippodamia, in Eleia. [77]

7.2 Genealogy of Oenomaus

Heraeeus, the founder of Heraea, had a son, Oenomaus.

This Oenomaus was the great-grandfather of Oenomaus of Pisa, whom Pausanias mistakenly believes to be the father of Oenomaus. [78]

Heraeeus' son, Oenomaus, had a son, Leucippus. [79]

Leucippus had a son, Alxion. [80]

Alxion married Harpina (or Harpine), daughter of Epopeus from Sicyon, and had a son, Oenomaus. [81]

Harpina named the river Ladon, which flows into the Alpheius River near Heraea, after her grandfather. Harpina's mother was Ladon's daughter, Metape. [82]

The Ismerus River, which flows east of Cadmeia in Boeotia, where Harpina's grandfather Ladon lived, was also called Ladon. [83]

7.3 Marriage from Argos

In 1335 BC, Oenomaus, son of Harpina, married Evarete, daughter of Acrisius of Argos. [84]

7.4 Oenomaus's advance into Eleia

In 1330 BC, Oenomaus advanced from Heraea along the Alpheius River to Eleia and founded Harpina, named after his mother. [85]

In 1315 BC, Oenomaus captured the town of Pisus, son of Perieres, who lived in Pisa, west of Harpina, and became its ruler. [86]

Oenomaus also captured Olympia, which was then under the control of Elis, and held the games there. [87]

7.5 Caucones' Expansion into Eleia

In 1330 BC, the brothers Phrixus and Makistus, descendants of Caucon, founded Phrixa and Makistos in southern Eleia. [88]

7.6 Marriages in Mycenae and Elis

In 1297 BC, Antibia, daughter of Amphidamas, was married to Sthenelus, son of Perseus, of Mycenae, from Alea near Stymphalus. [89]

In 1297 BC, Nausidame, another daughter of Amphidamas, was married to Eleius, son of Alector (or Alexinus), of Elis, from Alea. [90]

These two marriages were related to Heracles' invasion of Elis.

Sthenelus' son was Eurystheus of Mycenae, and Eleius's son was Augeas of Elis.

Eurystheus and Augeas, who later commanded Heracles to attack Elis, were cousins-in-law.

Before Eurystheus's birth, Elis and Mycenae enjoyed friendly relations due to the marriage between Sthenelus and Antibia. However, relations between the two cities cooled when Eurystheus' father, Sthenelus, married Pelops' daughter, Nicippe (or Archippe). [91]

After Pelops' death, Augeas of Elis held the games at Olympia in Pisa's place and gained influence in Pisa. Eurystheus, at the request of Pisa, ordered Heracles to attack Elis. [92]

7.7 Marriage to Tiryns

In 1287 BC, Laonome, daughter of Guneus of Pheneus, married Amphitryon, son of Alcaeus of Tiryns. Amphitryon bore a son, Iphicles. [93]

While some traditions state that Amphitryon's mother was Laonome, there is no evidence that Amphitryon's wife was Laonome. However, genealogy suggests that there was only a seven-year age difference between Amphitryon's wife, Alcmena, and Iphicles, making Alcmena unsuitable as Iphicles' mother.

Later, when Iphicles was mortally wounded in a battle with Elis, Buphagus of Pheneus and his wife, Promne, nursed Iphicles. They are presumed to have been his adoptive parents. [94]

8 Age of Lycurgus, son of Aleus

8.1 Migration from Athens

In 1277 BC, the Athenians, driven out by Aegeus, sought refuge with Cepheus, son of Aleus, and settled in Caphyae, near Orchomenus. [95]

Some say that Caphyae was founded by Aeneas and named after his grandfather, Capys. However, this is likely a fiction spread to gain patronage from Rome. [96]

8.2 Migration from Boeotia

In 1256 BC, Hippomenes, son of Megareus, emigrated from Onchestus in Boeotia, to Arcadia. [97]

Schoeneus of Schoinos in Boeotia, also emigrated to Arcadia. [98]

Their migration was a flight from Thebes, which had grown in power after winning a war against Orchomenus.

Schoeneus founded the city of Schoenus near Tegea.[99]

Hippomenes married Schoeneus' daughter Atalanta, and they had a son, Parthenopaeus.[100]

8.3 Marriage to Mycenae

In 1252 BC, Antimache, daughter of Amphidamas of Tegea, was married to Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus of Mycenae. [101]

Aleus, father of Lycurgus, father of Amphidamas, father of Antimache, was the father of Amphidamas, father of Antibia, wife of Sthenelus, father of Eurystheus.

Eurystheus was therefore the son of Sthenelus, husband of Antibia, cousin of Amphidamas, father of Antimache.

8.4 Conflict with Arene of Eleia

In 1250 BC, Lycurgus, son of Aleus of Tegea, fought with Arene of Triphylia, south of Eleia, over land and killed Areithus. [102]

Areithous was the husband of Phylomedusa, and their son, Menesthius, appears in the story of the Trojan expedition. [103]

Areithous is believed to have been the leader of the Minyans, who migrated with Nestor's mother, Chloris, from Orchomenus in Boeotia to Pylus in Eleia and then to Triphylia. [104]

Areithous met his end at a narrow pass on the way from Arene to Tegea, as a result of a plot by Lycurgus. [105]

Areithous's tomb was located at a narrow point on the road from Mantineia to Tegea. [106]

8.5 Tomb of the daughters of Pelias

Pausanias tells us that near Mantineia were the graves of the daughters of Pelias of Iolcus in Thessaly. [107]

Pelias and his daughters were involved in the Argonauts' expedition, and it is believed that the Minyans brought their legend to Arcadia.

The Minyans traveled from Iolcus via Lemnos, Laconia, and Thera to Libya and settled in Cyrene. [108]

In the 6th century BC, Cyrene in Libya invited Demonax from Mantineia, a city with an excellent political system, to reform its government. [109]

Cyrene and Mantineia had close ties, and it is believed that the legend of Minyans was passed on to the Mantineans.

The Mantineans, who began to rival Argos and Sparta in terms of historical antiquity, may have built the tomb of the daughters of Pelias, who appear in this famous story.

8.6 Migration of the Centaurs

In 1246 BC, the Centaurs, who lived near Mount Pelion in Thessaly, were pursued by the Lapiths led by Peirithous, son of Ixion, and migrated to various places. [110]

Some Centaurs fled to Mount Pholoe in western Arcadia and were killed in a battle with Heracles. [111]

However, this legend, like the tombs of Pelias' daughters, is likely fiction.

Most Centaurs migrated to the region of Aethices, at the source of the Peneius River in northern Thessaly. [112]

Some Centaurs also migrated to the area near the Evenus River, east of Calydon in Aetolia. [113]

The Aenianians, to whom the Centaurs belonged, migrated from Dotium to the area near Mount Oeta. [114]

The Centaurs, led by Nessus, are believed to have fled from Mount Oeta via Callium to the Evenus River near Naupactus. [115]

8.7 Battle against Pylus in Eleia

In 1244 BC, the sons of Neleus of Pylus in southern Eleia fought against the Arcadians over the possession of Chaa. [116]

The king of the Arcadians at the time was Lycurgus, son of Aleus of Tegea. Due to Lycurgus's advanced age, his vassal Ereuthalion led the Arcadians. Ereuthalion fought wearing Areithous' armor, but was killed by Nestor, son of Neleus. [117]

Since Lycurgus' tomb was not in Tegea but in Lepreus near Chaa, it is believed that he died of illness during the campaign. [118]

8.8 Migration from Tiryns

In 1243 BC, Heracles, son of Amphitryon, migrated from Tiryns to Pheneus. [119]

Earlier, Heracles had murdered two sons of Molione, Ceatas and Eurytus. Elis demanded that Eurystheus of Mycenae hand over Heracles. [120]

Eurystheus forced Heracles to leave Tiryns.

8.9 Campaign to Elis

In 1240 BC, Heracles campaigned from Pheneus to Elis, fought against Augeas, and captured Elis. [121]

Pausanias reports that Pisa, along with Pylus, sided with Elis. [122]

However, as mentioned above, this battle was at the request of Pisa, which was in conflict with Elis over Olympia, and it was impossible for Pisa to side with Elis.

8.10 Migration to Italy

8.10.1 Departure from Arcadia

In 1240 BC, a conflict broke out in Pallantium, just west of Tegea. Evander, son of Themis, was defeated and left the city in search of new lands. [123]

Evander was a member of the Parrhasians, a descendant of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, who had expanded his settlement from Argos into Arcadia. [124]

Evander's emigrants traveled along the road from Tegea to Olympia and on to Olenus.

On the way, Evander encountered a group of displaced people camped near the Alpheius River after participating in Heracles' attack on Elis in Olympia. [125]

Evander recruited the Epeans of Dyme in Achaia and the Arcadians of Pheneus who volunteered to join him. [126]

Evander set sail from Cyllene, the outer port of Elis, for the Italian peninsula. [127]

8.10.2 Settlement in Latium

Evander's colony traveled up the Tiber River in the central west coast of the Italian peninsula and landed in the area that would later be called Rome. Evander settled near a hill called Velia (later Palatium). [128]

Herilus, ruler of Praeneste (present-day Palestrina), about 35 km east of there, challenged Evander to battle but was repelled. [129]

Evander's colony included veteran warriors who had served in Heracles' campaigns. [130]

Faunus of Laurentum, who was then suffering under the barbarian Sicels, accepted Evander as an ally. [131]

Evander assisted Faunus in defeating Cacus, the son of Vulcanus (or Vulcan), the Sicel leader, and driving the Sicels south. [132]

The Epeans and Arcadians who accompanied Evander settled in the Saturnian Hills after the Sicels left. [133]

8.10.3 Descendants of Evander

After emigrating, Evander married Nicostrate, daughter of the Sabines, who was thought to be a relative of Faunus, and had a son, Pallas. [134]

Nicostrate was said to have been a prophet who would give oracles under divine possession, and was also called Carmenta. [135]

Evander's mother, Themis, also a prophet, was also called Carmenta, and was taught the art of daughter-in-law by her mother-in-law. [136]

Palas, son of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, ancestor of Themis, had a daughter named Chryse. Chryse also had a legend of a mystical religion, which is believed to have been passed down through generations of women in the lineage of Pallas, son of Lycaon. [137]

In 1182 BC, Evander's son Pallas sided with Aeneas in a battle against Turnus of the Rutulians and was killed. [138]

Evander and Aeneas were of the same race, sharing a common ancestor, Lycaon, son of Pelasgus.

In 1154 BC, descendants of the Arcadians who migrated to the Italian peninsula under Evander settled in Alba, founded by Aeneas' son Ascanius. [139]

However, some Arcadians continued to live near Palatine Hill. Faustulus, the adoptive father of Romulus, the founder of Rome, was one of them. [140]

8.10.4 Evander's Achievements

It is said that the Arcadians who migrated with Evander brought the alphabet to Italy, and Evander contributed greatly to the prosperity of Rome. [141]

The alphabet was not the Greek alphabet, but the Pelasgic letters that had been used up until the time of Homer. [142]

In the 2nd century AD, the 15th Roman emperor, Antoninus, recognized Evander's achievements by elevating his hometown of Pallantium in Arcadia to a city, granting self-governance to its inhabitants and exempting them from taxes. [143]

The citizens of Pallantium then erected a statue to Evander. [144]

8.11 Battle against Lacedaemon

In 1239 BC, Heracles fought and defeated Hippocoon and his sons in Amyclae and Sparta. [145]

Cepheus of Tegea also participated in the battle, along with his sons. [146]

Tradition has it that the cause of this battle was Heracles' personal grudge against Hippocoon. [147]

However, it is believed that Heracles participated in the conflict between the Arcadians and the Lacedaemonians at the request of Cepheus.

8.12 Migration to Calydon

In 1238 BC, after living in Pheneus for five years, Heracles emigrated to Calydon in Aetolia. [148]

It is believed that Eurystheus, alarmed by Heracles' growing power, expelled him from Pheneus through Amphidamas, the son of Lycurgus, the ruler of Arcadia, his wife's father.

8.13 Migration to Mysia

In 1230 BC, Telephus, son of Auge, emigrated from Mount Parthenius in Arcadia to Mysia of Pergamene. [149]

Telephus is said to be the son of Heracles and Auge, but his father was Clymenus, son of Schoeneus. Telephus and the inhabitants could not tolerate Clymenus's tyranny and emigrated to Asia Minor. [150]

Telephus's mother, Auge, was married to Teuthras, the ruler of Mysia, and Telephus married Teuthras's daughter, Argiope. [151]

Telephus succeeded Teuthras as ruler of Mysia. [152]

8.13.1 Descendants of Auge and Telephus

Auge and Teuthras had a son, Teuthranius. [153]

Telephus and Argiope had a son, Eurypylus. [154]

Teuthranius and Eurypylus appear in the story of the Trojan expedition. [155]

9 Age of Echemus, son of Aeropus

9.1 Adrastus' Attack on Thebes

Telephus' migration to Mysia was accompanied by Parthenopaeus, son of Atalanta, daughter of Schoeneus. [156]

Parthenopaeus was born in Schoenus, near Tegea. [157]

Parthenopaeus's mother, Atalanta, and Telephus's father, Clymenus, were siblings, making Parthenopaeus and Telephus cousins. [158]

In 1215 BC, Parthenopaeus participated in Adrastus's attack on Thebes to avenge his grandfather, who had been driven from Boeotia by Thebes. Parthenopaeus was killed in battle. [159]

9.2 Epigoni's Attack on Thebes

In 1205 BC, Parthenopaeus' two sons, Tlesimenes and Biantes, rushed from Mysia to join Epigoni's attack on Thebes to avenge their father's death. [160]

10 Age of Agapenor, son of Ancaeus

10.1 Migration to Cyprus

Homer reports that Agapenor, son of Ancaeus, led the Arcadians in an expedition to Troy. [161]

There is also a legend that a ship carrying Arcadians on their return from Troy was caught in a storm and washed ashore in Cyprus. [162]

However, Agapenor's purpose in migrating to Cyprus was to mine copper. [163]

Agapenor, son of Ancaeus, founded Paphos near Palaepaphos in southwest Cyprus. [164]

Laodice, the mother of Pereus, father of Neaera, mother of Lycurgus, father of Agapenor's father, Ancaeus, was the daughter of Cinyras, the founder of Palaepaphos. [165]

In other words, Arcadia and Cyprus have had exchanges since ancient times.

Later, Laodice, a descendant of Agapenor who lived in Cyprus, donated a garment to the Temple of Athena Alea in Tegea. [166]

Pausanias recorded the verse inscription attached to the offering, but if Pausanias actually saw it, Laodice must have lived after the 4th century BC.

The Temple of Athena Alea was burned in the second year (395 BC) of the 96th Olympiad and subsequently rebuilt. [167]

10.2 Migration to Bithynia

Apollodoros reports that after the fall of Troy, in addition to the people who settled in Cyprus, others also settled near the Sangarius River. [168]

They are likely the Mantineians who settled in Bithynium (later Claudiopolis) near the Sangarius River.

Antinous, a favorite of the 2nd-century Roman Emperor Hadrian, was from Bithynium.[169]

After Antinous's death, Hadrian founded a temple to him in his ancestral hometown of Mantineia.[170]

Hadrian's favor with Mantineia was due in part to the fact that the Mantineians were the only Arcadians who supported the Roman Emperor Augustus.[171]

11 Age of Hippothous, son of Cercyon

11.1 Migration from Mycenae

In 1173 BC, the Dorians, led by Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, attacked Mycenae and destroyed the city. [172]

Orestes, son of Agamemnon, migrated from Mycenae to Tegea. [173]

Tradition holds that Orestes migrated "following an oracle," but it is believed that he actually fled to Tegea after being defeated in battle by the Dorians. [174]

Tegea and Mycenae had long been allies. [175]

Orestes later expelled the Dorians from Peloponnesus, but did not reside in the destroyed Mycenae, he died in Tegea. [176]

Orestes' tomb was located inside the city gates of Tegea, but the Spartans stole his remains and reburied them in Sparta. [177]

During the time of Pausanias, Orestes' tomb was located in Sparta. [178]

Many Achaeans migrated to Arcadia with Orestes and continued to reside there even after the Dorians became rulers of Lacedaemon. During the Messenian War, the Arcadians supported the Messenians as their kindred spirits.

11.2 Transfer of the Capital from Tegea to Trapezus

In 1173 BC, Hippothous, son of Cercyon, king of Arcadia, transferred the capital from Tegea to Trapezus. [179]

Pausanias reports that Orestes, son of Agamemnon of Mycenae, ruled over most of Arcadia, likely including Tegea. [180]

Hippothous's transfer of the capital was due to Orestes's migration.

12 Age of Cypselus, son of Aepytus

12.1 Return of the Heracleidae

In 1112 BC, the Dorians, led by Temenus, son of Aristomachus, landed at Cape Rion in Achaia. [181]

Temenus entered Arcadia from Aegae in Achaia. [182]

Temenus likely sought to win over the Arcadians among his army, whose people were his allies. [183]

Heracles, the ancestor of the Heracleidae, had lived in Pheneus in northern Arcadia for five years, making it a familiar place for the Heracleidae. [184]

Cypselus, King of Arcadia, welcomed the Heracleidae and gave his daughter Merope in marriage to Temenus's brother, Cresphontes. [185]

Arcadia was the only region in the Peloponnesus that remained uninhabited even after the Dorians became rulers of the Peloponnesus.

12.2 Aepytus' return to Messenia

Cresphontes, son of Aristomachus, ruled Messenia, and Merope had sons. [186]

Cresphontes ruled to please the people, so the wealthy rebelled and killed Cresphontes and his sons. [187]

Cresphontes' youngest son, Aepytus, was safe, having been raised by his grandfather in Trapezus, Arcadia. [188]

In 1082 BC, Aepytus returned to Stenyclerus in Messenia with the support of his mother's brother Holaeas, who lived in Arcadia; Isthmius, son of Temenus of Argos; and Eurysthenes and Procles of Sparta. [189]

13 Arcadia since the 10 th century BC

13.1 Battles against Sparta

In 920 BC, Sous, king of Sparta in Agiadae, fought against the Cleitorians. [190]

The Cleitorians were the inhabitants of Cleitor, a state founded in northern Arcadia by Cleitor, son of Azan, in 1355 BC. [191]

In 900 BC, Agis, king of Sparta in Eurypontidae, invaded Arcadia and was killed by the Mantineians. [192]

Eurypon (or Euryphon), son of Sous, king of Sparta in Agiadae, attacked and occupied Mantineia. [193]

13.2 Trade with the Aeginetans

In 850 BC, Pompus, son of Simus of Trapezus, traded with the Aeginetans and named his son Aeginetes as a sign of friendship with them. [194]

The Aeginetans transported goods overland from Cylene, the outer port of Elis. [195]

The Aeginetans' trade goods were likely dishes from Sicily and barrels from Megara, while the Arcadians' trade goods were likely donkeys, needed for carrying loads and producing mules for plowing. [196]

Strabo reports that there were donkey farms in Arcadia. [197]

13.3 Battles against Sparta

In 790 BC, Tegea was attacked by Charillus, son of Polydectes of Sparta. The Tegeans, led by Elnes, fought bravely and captured many prisoners, including Charillus himself. The Spartan prisoners were forced to work in shackles. [198]

The shackles were dedicated to the temple of Athena Alea in Tegea, and Pausanias wrote that he saw them. [199]

However, in 395 BC, the old temple was burned down, and Pausanias saw the shackles in the rebuilt temple.

End