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Active Remote Sensing
Passive Remote Sensing
Microwave Remote Sensing
Images Below Credit: UT Austin, Texas USA
The Outer Space Treaty is the primary framework for international space law. It was signed in January 1967 and went into effect in October 1967. The treaty's main principles include:
The Outer Space Treaty is the primary framework for international space law. It was signed in January 1967 and went into effect in October 1967. The treaty's main principles include:
*Peaceful use
*Peaceful use
*Outer space and celestial bodies can only be used for peaceful purposes.
*Outer space and celestial bodies can only be used for peaceful purposes.
*No weapons of mass destruction
*No weapons of mass destruction
*Nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction are not allowed in outer space or on celestial bodies.
*Nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction are not allowed in outer space or on celestial bodies.
*No national appropriation
*No national appropriation
*Outer space and celestial bodies cannot be claimed as national property or sovereignty.
*Outer space and celestial bodies cannot be claimed as national property or sovereignty.
*State responsibility
*State responsibility
*States are responsible for all space activities, whether they are carried out by the government or non-governmental entities.
*States are responsible for all space activities, whether they are carried out by the government or non-governmental entities.
Space Treaties Framework
Space Treaties Framework
The Department of Commerce (Commerce), through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), licenses the operation of Private Remote Sensing Space Systems under the USA Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992.
The Department of Commerce (Commerce), through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), licenses the operation of Private Remote Sensing Space Systems under the USA Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992.
Licensing: European Union
Licensing: European Union
👉 Germany Act to give Protection against the Security Risk to the Federal Republic of Germany by the Dissemination of High-Grade Earth Remote Sensing Data (Satellite Data Security Act – SatDSiG)
👉 Act of 23 November 2007 (original and unofficial translations)
👉 Germany Act to give Protection against the Security Risk to the Federal Republic of Germany by the Dissemination of High-Grade Earth Remote Sensing Data (Satellite Data Security Act – SatDSiG)
👉 Act of 23 November 2007 (original and unofficial translations)
👉 GEOSS 10-Year Implementation Plan Reference Document ESA Publication Division, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2005
👉 GEOSS 10-Year Implementation Plan Reference Document ESA Publication Division, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2005
👉 International Law Association (ILA) Space Law Committee Questionnaire (2005): “State Practice on the 1986 UN Remote Sensing Principles (UNGA Resolution 41/65)” (see the report of the ILA Toronto Conference, 2006, p. 3); “The outcome of the Questionnaire - Further perceptions on the need to revise the UN Principles” (click here to see the report of the ILA Toronto Conference, 2006, Chapter B, p. 6)
👉 International Law Association (ILA) Space Law Committee Questionnaire (2005): “State Practice on the 1986 UN Remote Sensing Principles (UNGA Resolution 41/65)” (see the report of the ILA Toronto Conference, 2006, p. 3); “The outcome of the Questionnaire - Further perceptions on the need to revise the UN Principles” (click here to see the report of the ILA Toronto Conference, 2006, Chapter B, p. 6)
👉 Report of the International Law Association (ILA) Berlin Conference (2004):“Report on the Legal Aspects of the Privatization and Commercialization of Space Activities: Remote Sensing, Earth Observation Satellites” (p. 3).
👉 Report of the International Law Association (ILA) Berlin Conference (2004):“Report on the Legal Aspects of the Privatization and Commercialization of Space Activities: Remote Sensing, Earth Observation Satellites” (p. 3).
👉 EUMETSAT Resolution on the EUMETSAT Principles on Data Policy (1998, as amended by Resolution EUM/C/57/05/Res. III)
👉 EUM/C/98/RES.IV
👉 EUMETSAT Resolution on the EUMETSAT Principles on Data Policy (1998, as amended by Resolution EUM/C/57/05/Res. III)
👉 EUM/C/98/RES.IV
Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the Legal Protection of Databases (1996)
👉 EU Directive 96/9/EC
Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the Legal Protection of Databases (1996)
👉 EU Directive 96/9/EC
👉 ESA International Relation Committee: Legal Protection of Satellite Remote Sensing Data (1996)
👉 ESA/IRC (96)21
👉 ESA International Relation Committee: Legal Protection of Satellite Remote Sensing Data (1996)
👉 ESA/IRC (96)21
👉 Memorandum of Understanding between the National Space and Development Agency of Japan and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America for Cooperation in the Advanced 👉 Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) Program (1994)
👉 Memorandum of Understanding between the National Space and Development Agency of Japan and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America for Cooperation in the Advanced 👉 Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) Program (1994)
👉 Canadian Space Agency RADARSAT Data Policy (1994)
👉 Document Number: RSCA-PR0004, Sec. 10.1 b.
👉 Canadian Space Agency RADARSAT Data Policy (1994)
👉 Document Number: RSCA-PR0004, Sec. 10.1 b.
👉 United Nations Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space (1986)
UN RES/41/65
👉 United Nations Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space (1986)
UN RES/41/65
👉 Convention on the Transfer and Use of Data of Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space (opened for signature in Moscow on 19 May 1978 and entered into force on 21 August 1979)
👉 Convention on the Transfer and Use of Data of Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space (opened for signature in Moscow on 19 May 1978 and entered into force on 21 August 1979)
Remote Sensing Sensors have become an essential tool for monitoring and understanding the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. From monitoring weather patterns and mapping natural resources to tracking the movements of vehicles etc.
Remote Sensing Sensors have become an essential tool for monitoring and understanding the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. From monitoring weather patterns and mapping natural resources to tracking the movements of vehicles etc.
Remote Sensing Sensors are instruments that are used to collect data about the Earth’s surface and atmosphere remotely. These sensors can be placed on aircrafts, satellites, drones, or other platforms and can capture information about the physical properties of the planet, such as temperature, reflectance, and emissions.
Remote Sensing Sensors are instruments that are used to collect data about the Earth’s surface and atmosphere remotely. These sensors can be placed on aircrafts, satellites, drones, or other platforms and can capture information about the physical properties of the planet, such as temperature, reflectance, and emissions.
Electromagnetic Sensors: Electromagnetic Sensors are devices that detect and measure electromagnetic waves, which are oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagating through space. These sensors are employed to gather information about different aspects of the environment, including physical properties, electromagnetic phenomena, and even the presence of certain materials. Some common examples of electromagnetic sensors include magnetic, microwave and radio frequency sensors.
Electromagnetic Sensors: Electromagnetic Sensors are devices that detect and measure electromagnetic waves, which are oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagating through space. These sensors are employed to gather information about different aspects of the environment, including physical properties, electromagnetic phenomena, and even the presence of certain materials. Some common examples of electromagnetic sensors include magnetic, microwave and radio frequency sensors.
Lidar Sensors: Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors are a type of remote sensing sensor that use laser pulses to measure distance to the object and can be used to create detailed 3D maps of the Earth’s surface and even the seafloor. This makes them incredibly useful for navigation and terrain analysis.
Lidar Sensors: Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors are a type of remote sensing sensor that use laser pulses to measure distance to the object and can be used to create detailed 3D maps of the Earth’s surface and even the seafloor. This makes them incredibly useful for navigation and terrain analysis.
Some common examples of lidar sensors include airborne lidar and terrestrial lidar. Airborne lidar sensors are typically mounted on aircrafts and used for mapping large areas rapidly. Terrestrial lidar, on the other hand, are mounted on tripods or vehicles and are used to create detailed 3D maps of small areas.
Some common examples of lidar sensors include airborne lidar and terrestrial lidar. Airborne lidar sensors are typically mounted on aircrafts and used for mapping large areas rapidly. Terrestrial lidar, on the other hand, are mounted on tripods or vehicles and are used to create detailed 3D maps of small areas.
Lidar sensors can also be combined with other remote sensing sensors, such as cameras and multispectral scanners, to provide additional information about the Earth’s surface.
Lidar sensors can also be combined with other remote sensing sensors, such as cameras and multispectral scanners, to provide additional information about the Earth’s surface.
Multispectral & Hyperspectral: Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging cameras go beyond the visible spectrum, capturing images in multiple spectral bands, including visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and thermal infrared.
Multispectral & Hyperspectral: Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging cameras go beyond the visible spectrum, capturing images in multiple spectral bands, including visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and thermal infrared.
👉 Infrared: these sensors detect electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves, making them capable of detecting heat radiation emitted by objects.
👉 Infrared: these sensors detect electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves, making them capable of detecting heat radiation emitted by objects.
👉 Ultraviolet: these sensors can capture ultraviolet radiation, which is shorter in wavelength than visible light and is often used for specialized applications.
👉 Ultraviolet: these sensors can capture ultraviolet radiation, which is shorter in wavelength than visible light and is often used for specialized applications.
Optical Sensors: Optical sensors primarily operate within the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and are used to create images of the Earth’s surface. They cinclude traditional cameras that produce color images using red, green, and blue channels, as well as, more advanced versions such as multispectral and hyperspectral imaging cameras.
Optical Sensors: Optical sensors primarily operate within the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and are used to create images of the Earth’s surface. They cinclude traditional cameras that produce color images using red, green, and blue channels, as well as, more advanced versions such as multispectral and hyperspectral imaging cameras.
Radar Sensors: Radar sensors are a type of remote sensing sensor that use radio waves to detect the Earth’s surface and measure the distance to objects. These sensors emit electromagnetic waves, which bounce off objects and return to the sensor. By measuring the time it takes for the waves to return, radar sensors can calculate the distance to the object and can be used to create a map of the surrounding environment. Some common examples of radar sensors include Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Interferometric SAR (InSAR).
Radar Sensors: Radar sensors are a type of remote sensing sensor that use radio waves to detect the Earth’s surface and measure the distance to objects. These sensors emit electromagnetic waves, which bounce off objects and return to the sensor. By measuring the time it takes for the waves to return, radar sensors can calculate the distance to the object and can be used to create a map of the surrounding environment. Some common examples of radar sensors include Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Interferometric SAR (InSAR).
👉 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): SAR is a type of radar sensor that uses advanced imaging techniques to create high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface. Among others, it can be used to detect and monitor changes in land use, map deforestation or flooded areas and even measure the movement of glaciers.
👉 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): SAR is a type of radar sensor that uses advanced imaging techniques to create high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface. Among others, it can be used to detect and monitor changes in land use, map deforestation or flooded areas and even measure the movement of glaciers.
👉 Interferometric SAR (InSAR): InSAR is a type of radar sensor that measures surface deformation and subsidence. InSAR uses two or more radar images of the same area taken at different times and compares the differences in the images to create a 3D map of the surface deformation. InSAR can be used to monitor volcanic activity, map earthquake zones, and measure the deformation of glaciers and ice sheets.
👉 Interferometric SAR (InSAR): InSAR is a type of radar sensor that measures surface deformation and subsidence. InSAR uses two or more radar images of the same area taken at different times and compares the differences in the images to create a 3D map of the surface deformation. InSAR can be used to monitor volcanic activity, map earthquake zones, and measure the deformation of glaciers and ice sheets.
Visible Spectrum: Visible Spectrum Sensors capture images using standard colors (red, green, blue) to create colorful representations of the Earth’s surface.
Visible Spectrum: Visible Spectrum Sensors capture images using standard colors (red, green, blue) to create colorful representations of the Earth’s surface.
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