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Strategic Assets Management Systems Advisors (ISO 55000)
Aerospace | Agriculture | AI-Ilm | AI Economy | Deep Space
Economy | Education | Energy | Logistics | Manufacturing
Mining | Optical Systems | Technology | Water
COOPERATIVES
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"يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ لَا تَأْكُلُوٓا۟ أَمْوَٰلَكُم بَيْنَكُم بِٱلْبَـٰطِلِ إِلَّآ أَن تَكُونَ تِجَـٰرَةً ..."
"O believers! Do not devour one another’s wealth illegally, but rather trade by mutual consent..."
Holy A- Quran: Surat An-Nisa' 4 Verse 29
Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
Agriculture | Communications | Economy | Energy | Water
👉 Cooperatives operate for the benefit of Members, rather than earn profits for investors.
👉 Guiding Principle Asset-Backed Financing: Islamic Finance requires that all financing transactions be asset-backed, meaning they are supported by tangible assets. This ensures that the investment is based on real economic activity and helps to reduce risk.
👉 Cooperatives differ from other businesses because they are Members Owned.
👉Cooperatives are distinct from traditional businesses as they prioritize member well-being and democratic participation over profit maximization for external investors.
👉 Cooperatives are People-centered Enterprises jointly owned by members and democratically controlled by the members to realize members common economic, social and cultural values, needs and aspirations.
👉Cooperative are formed to meet the common economic, social, and cultural needs of their members.
👉A Cooperative, or co-op, is a business owned and democratically controlled by its members, who share in the benefits and responsibilities of the organization.
Project Lead: Afro Eurasian Coalition LLC (AEC) USA
Program Advisor: Pacific Enterprises International Syndicate (PEIS) USA
Certifications
AEC & PEIS NAICS Code: 541690; PEIS USA DOD CAGE CODE: Active;
AEC & PEIS SIC Code: 87420501; PEIS USA FCC FRN #: 0034792853
Program Lead Advisor
Mohammad Afzal Mirza, President, Afro Eurasian Coalition (AEC) LLC
Contact: mirza@themughals.net
Types of Cooperatives
Types of Cooperatives
👉Combine ownership and control among different stakeholder groups, such as workers, consumers, and other members.
👉Owned by organizations that pool their purchasing power to obtain better prices.
👉Owned and operated by consumers who benefit from the goods and services provided by the co-op.
👉Owned and operated by the workers employed by the co-op.
👉Owned by producers who collectively market their products or provide services.
Real-World Case Study
Real-World Case Study
The Capper-Volstead Act, a federal law enacted in 1922, provides limited anti-trust protection to cooperative marketing associations engaged in interstate and foreign commerce. It gave producers the legislative foundation necessary to act together collectively to market their products without being in violation of existing anti-trust legislation. In Texas, Agricultural Cooperatives are organized and chartered under Chapter 52 of the Texas Agriculture Code, with oversight provided by the Texas Department of Agriculture.
Asset-based Economic Developments have many benefits for Individuals; Communities, and all Segments of the Society including:
👉 Long-term, Sustained Economic Growth
👉 Local Return on Investment
👉 Local Job Creation and Retention
👉 Increase in Per Capital Income
👉 Increase in Local Tax Base
👉 Strengthening Regional Networks
👉 Cooperatives are Incorporated under State Laws.
👉 Cooperatives operate for the benefit of Members, rather than earn profits for investors.
👉 Cooperatives are People-centered Enterprises jointly owned and democratically controlled by and for their members to realize their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations.
👉 Cooperatives differ from other businesses because they are Members Owned.
Our Mission
Organize Communities at Grassroots Level; Proactively Participate and Lawfully Support Ongoing Global Efforts for Justice Based Policy and Structural Reforms which Foster Equality, Opportunity, Well-Being of Humanity, Shared Prosperity and Environments.
Our Direction
We Endeavor for Justice Based Sustainable Shared Prosperity Focusing Natural Resources Optimization; Capacity Building; Innovation; Compassion; Excellence; and Empowering Communities at Grassroots Level.
Our Research Focus
Our Research Focus
Policies >> Regulatory Frameworks >> Constitutions >>
Statutes >> Regulations >> Institutions >> Court Decisions and Treaties
Guidance Notes: Cooperative Principles >> International Cooperative Alliance
MUGHALS Panels of Experts
MUGHALS Panels of Experts
Eight Panels of Experts
Eight Panels of Experts
1) Attorneys; 2) Academia - Students; 3) Community Activists;
1) Attorneys; 2) Academia - Students; 3) Community Activists;
4) Economists; 5) Financial Experts; 6) Scholars; 7) Philanthropist;
4) Economists; 5) Financial Experts; 6) Scholars; 7) Philanthropist;
8) Technologists (Scientists-Engineers-Technicians)
8) Technologists (Scientists-Engineers-Technicians)
Sustainable Growth Strategy
Sustainable Growth Strategy
Growth investing is an investment style and strategy that is focused on increasing an investor's capital. Growth investors typically invest in growth stocks—that is, young or small companies whose earnings are expected to increase at an above-average rate compared to their industry sector or the overall market.
Growth investing is highly attractive to many investors because buying stock in emerging companies can provide impressive returns (as long as the companies are successful). However, such companies are untried, and thus often pose a fairly high risk.
Growth investing may be contrasted with value investing. Value investing is an investment strategy that involves picking stocks that appear to be trading for less than their intrinsic or book value.
Major Challenges: Concentration of Wealth & Disparity
Opportunity: Islamic DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization)
Technologies: Blockchain | Distributed Ledger DLT | WLBB | Wi-Fi 7
Lawful Featured Global Products: SMART Contracts | eCommerce Platform
Cooperative Values
Cooperative Values
👉Cooperatives are based on the values of Self-Help, Self-Responsibility, Democracy, Equality, Equity, and Solidarity.
👉In the tradition of their founders, cooperative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others.
👉A Cooperative Legal Entity (CLE) is a Private Firm that is owned by its customers, members and or policyholders. The CLE's customers are also its owners. As such, they are entitled to receive a share of the profits generated by the CLE.
👉The distribution of profits is typically made in the form of Dividends paid on a Pro Rata Basis, based on the amount of business each customer conducts with the CLE. Alternately, some 👉CLEs choose to use their profits to reduce members' premiums.
A mutual company is sometimes referred to as a cooperative.
The Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is an alternative to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAMP) that uses fewer assumptions and can be harder to implement than the CAPM. While both are useful, many investors prefer to use the CAPM, a one-factor model, over the more complicated APT, which requires users to quantify multiple factors.
Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is a Multi-Factor Asset Pricing Model based on the idea that an asset's returns can be predicted using the linear relationship between the asset’s expected return and a number of macroeconomic variables that capture systematic risk. It is a useful tool for analyzing portfolios from a Value Investing perspective, in order to identify securities that may be temporarily mispriced.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
KEY TAKEAWAYS
👉 Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is a multi-factor asset pricing model based on the idea that an asset's returns can be predicted using the linear relationship between the asset’s expected return and a number of macroeconomic variables that capture systematic risk.
👉 Unlike the CAPM, which assumes markets are perfectly efficient, APT assumes markets sometimes misprice securities, before the market eventually corrects and securities move back to fair value.
👉 Using APT, arbitrageurs hope to take advantage of any deviations from fair market value.
Formula: Arbitrage Pricing Theory Model
E(R)i=E(R)z+(E(I)−E(R)z)×βn
where:
E(R)i=Expected return on the asset
Rz=Risk-free rate of return
βn=Sensitivity of the asset price to macroeconomicfactor n
Ei=Risk premium associated with factor i
Mathematical Model for the APT
👉 While APT is more flexible than the CAPM, it is more complex. The CAPM only takes into account one factor—market risk—while the APT formula has multiple factors. And it takes a considerable amount of research to determine how sensitive a security is to various macroeconomic risks.
👉 The factors as well as how many of them are used are subjective choices, which means investors will have varying results depending on their choice. However, four or five factors will usually explain most of a security's return. (For more on the differences between the CAPM and APT, read more about
CAPM and Arbitrage Pricing Theory
👉 APT factors are the systematic risk that cannot be reduced by the diversification of an investment portfolio. The macroeconomic factors that have proven most reliable as price predictors include unexpected changes in inflation, Gross National Product (GNP), corporate bond spreads and shifts in the yield curve.
👉 Other commonly used factors are Gross Domestic Product (GDP), commodities prices, market indices, and exchange rates.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) describes the relationship between Systematic Risk or the general perils of investing, and Expected Return for assets, particularly stocks. It is a Finance Model that establishes a linear relationship between the required return on an investment and risk.
CAPM is based on the relationship between an asset’s Beta, the Risk-Free Rate (typically the Treasury Bill Rate), and the Equity Risk Premium, or the expected return on the market minus the risk-free rate.
CAPM evolved as a way to measure this systematic risk. It is widely used throughout finance for pricing risky Securities and generating expected returns for assets, given the risk of those assets and Cost of Capital.
Backend Technologies
Backend Technologies
A Distributed Ledger Technology has some key features that make it unique compared to centralized ledger solutions.
In simple terms, a DLT is best defined as a replicated, synchronized, and replicated ledger which works in a distributed manner.
There are four components of a Distributed Ledger Technology Ecosystem. It includes the following:
👉Hardware 👉Software 👉Business 👉Protocol
The key characteristics include:
👉Immutable: A distributed ledger utilized cryptography to create immutable and secure storage. This ensures that the data once stored cannot be changed or altered.
👉Append only: Distributed ledgers are append-only as they provide full transactional history. This is completely different compared to a traditional database where the data can be altered for the sake of functionality. However, that can lead to data changes and manipulation, both internally or by external factors.
👉Distributed: Another key characteristic of the ledger is its distributed nature. Yes, there is no single place where the data is stored. Every peer has a copy of the ledger in most DLTs out there. Some DLTs such as Corda stored data in other ways.
👉Shared: The ledger is not associated with one single entity. It is shared among nodes. Some Nodes are responsible to have a full copy of the ledger while other nodes just have the necessary information to make them functional and efficient.
Types of Distributed Ledger Technologies
Types of Distributed Ledger Technologies
There are primarily three types of distributed ledger technologies out there.
👉Permissioned 👉Permissionless 👉Hybrid
Let’s discuss each one of them briefly below.
👉Permissioned networks are private networks. They are designed to work in a closed ecosystem where the user needs to have access granted through a KYC procedure.
The users once validated can access the features of the permissioned network or permissioned distributed ledger systems. In a permissioned network, the validation nodes do the heavy lifting as they are responsible for validating the transactions within the network.
The network can also be designed to restrict a few users to have limited access to the network functionalities. This feature is very useful for businesses who want to take advantage of blockchain, but do not want to make their data public to everyone. After all, for a business, it is important to protect their important business data. That’s what makes them unique and keep their market position safe from their competitors.
👉Permissionless distributed ledger systems or networks are public networks. By definition, users do not need permission to participate in the permissionless network. The distributed ledger system is open to everyone for making transactions, validating blocks, and making other forms of interaction with the network.
The key here is freedom. The best example of a permissionless network is bitcoin itself. It was the first cryptocurrency that utilized blockchain technology – an implementation of DLT. Anyone can send bitcoin or receive it. There is no limitation on who can use it irrespective of the location, laws, and other factors that govern how transactions are carried out.
👉 Hybrid Distributed Ledger System combines both Permissionless and Permissioned networks and offers a network that benefits from both of them.
Hybrid DLTs are an excellent choice for businesses as they can decide on which aspects of the system they want to make public and which ones they want to keep private.
Legal Frameworks
Legal Frameworks
Monetary policy describes the ways in which the central banks change the money supply in order to accomplish economic objectives. In the U.S. this is done by the Federal Reserve.
Setting The Banking and Capital Markets Applicable Financial Rules
In Alignment with Constitutions, Statutes, Regulations, Court Decisions, and Treaties
Our Research Focus: Global Regulatory Policies and Reforms to Strengthen Oversight of the Lawful Divine Acquiescent Monetary System (DAMS).
Methodology: Based on the selected country experiences, a number of important lessons and Policy Options can be drawn that have implications for the stable and sound development of Global Islamic Financial System (GIFS).
An enabling regulatory and institutional framework and a level playing field for Conventional and Islamic Banks is critical for the sound and stable growth of the Islamic banking industry. The country experiences also underscore the importance of providing an enabling framework while letting market forces determine the size of the industry1.
The management of Financial and Monetary Systems is intimately connected to Global Risks - in the form of Potential Market Meltdowns, Spiraling Inflation, Pandemics, and Heightened Geopolitical Tensions.
Investment Advisors
Investment Advisors
According to USA Government the financial advisor's (CTP) responsibilities include:
👉 Creating quarterly and annual reviews of investment performance;
👉 Conducting investment manager searches and making recommendations regarding the selection, scope of responsibility, and discharge of investment managers;
👉 Proposing benchmarks for managers under their purview for the Treasurer’s final decision;
👉 Assisting in the development and periodic review of the Investment Policy;
👉 Making recommendations for asset allocation plans and investment horizons; and
👉 Monitoring and evaluating the performance of the investment managers.
👉Investment Risk: The value of investments and any income from them can go down as well as up and investors may not get back the amount originally invested. Lower volatility may result in a lower return relative to the reference index
👉Counterparty Risk: The possibility that the counterparty to a transaction may be unwilling or unable to meet its obligations
👉Derivatives Risk: Derivatives can behave unexpectedly. The pricing and volatility of many derivatives may diverge from strictly reflecting the pricing or volatility of their underlying reference(s), instrument or asset.
👉Exchange Rate Risk: Changes in currency exchange rates could reduce or increase investment gains or investment losses, in some cases significantly.
👉Index Tracking Risk: To the extent that the Fund seeks to replicate index performance by holding individual securities, there is no guarantee that its composition or performance will exactly match that of the target index at any given time (“tracking error”).
👉Investment Leverage Risk: Investment Leverage occurs when the economic exposure is greater than the amount invested, such as when derivatives are used. A Fund that employs leverage may experience greater gains and/or losses due to the amplification effect from a movement in the price of the reference source.
👉Liquidity Risk: Liquidity Risk is the risk that a Fund may encounter difficulties meeting its obligations in respect of financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or other financial assets, thereby compromising existing or remaining investors.
👉Operational Risk: Operational risks may subject the Fund to errors affecting transactions, valuation, accounting, and financial reporting, among other things
👉Shariah Investment Restrictions (in USA) may result in the funds performing less well than funds with similar objectives which are not subject to these restrictions.
Past performance does not predict future returns.
👉The fund is denominated in USD. Returns may vary with fluctuations in the exchange rate, globally.
Cautionary Note: Further information on the potential risks can be found in the Key Investor Information Document (KIID) and/ or the Prospectus or Offering Memorandum. (IMF-WBG)
Major USA Regulator Agencies
Major USA Regulator Agencies
DoT: Department of the Treasury
FCA: Farm Credit Administration
FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHFA: Federal Housing Finance Agency
NCUA: National Credit Union Administration
A Monetary System is defined as a set of policies, frameworks, and institutions by which the government creates money in an economy. Such institutions include the mint, the Central Bank, treasury, and other Financial Institutions.
Three common types of Monetary Systems – (1) Commodity Money, (2) Commodity-Based Money, and (3) Fiat Money.
1) Commodity Money: This is made up of precious metals or other commodities that have intrinsic value. In order words, the monetary system uses the commodity physically in terms of currency. This form of money retains its value even if it’s melted down. For example, gold and silver coins have been commonly used throughout history as a form of money.
2) Commodity-based Money: This draws its value from a commodity but doesn’t involve handling the commodity regularly. The notes don’t have tangible value but can be exchanged for the commodity it is backed by. For example, the US Dollar used to draw its value on gold. This was known as the Gold Standard.
3) Fiat Money: In this monetary system the currency, which by government decree is legal tender, i.e., that the government guarantees the value of the currency. Today, most of Fiat Money is in the form of bank balances and records of credit or debit card purchases.
Key Components:
👉 Mint: The mint is responsible for physically producing currency. It manufactures coins and banknotes that circulate as legal tender.
👉 Central Bank: The central bank plays a crucial role in the monetary system. Its functions include:
👉 Issuing Currency: The central bank has the authority to create and distribute currency.
👉 Monetary Policy: It formulates and implements policies to regulate money supply, interest rates, and inflation.
👉 Central Bank as Banker of Commercial Banks: Commercial banks maintain accounts with the central bank, which acts as their banker.
👉 Lender of Last Resort: During financial crises, the central bank provides emergency liquidity to banks.
👉 Currency Reserves: The central bank holds foreign exchange reserves to stabilize the national currency.
👉 Treasury: The government’s treasury manages public finances, including revenue collection, expenditure, and debt issuance. It collaborates with the central bank to ensure fiscal and monetary coordination.
👉 Commercial Banks: These banks serve as intermediaries between the central bank and the public. Their roles include:
👉 Depository Institutions: They accept deposits from individuals, businesses, and other entities.
👉 Lending and Credit: Commercial banks provide loans and credit to borrowers.
👉 Money Creation: Through fractional reserve banking, they create money by lending out a portion of the deposits they receive.
👉 Holders of Money (the Public): Individuals, businesses, and governmental units constitute the public. They use money for transactions, savings, and investment.
Uses of Money:
1) Medium of Exchange: Money facilitates transactions, eliminating the challenges of barter systems.
2) Unit of Measurement: It standardizes prices and allows comparison of value across goods and services.
3) Store of Value: While money can store value, inflation affects its long-term stability.
Three Levels:
First: The Holders of Money (the “Public”), which comprise Individuals, Businesses, and Governmental Units
Second: Commercial Banks (Private or Government-owned), which Borrow from the Public, primarily by taking
Public Deposits, and making Loans to Individuals, Firms, or Governments.
Third: Central Banks, which have a monopoly on the issue of certain types of money, serve as the bankers for the central government and the commercial banks, and have the power to determine the quantity of money
👉 Asset-based economic development can have many benefits for communities, including:
👉 Long-term, sustained economic growth
👉 Local return on investment
👉 Job Creation and Retention
👉 Increase in Per Capital Income
👉 Increase in Local Tax Base
👉 Strengthening Regional Networks
Intrinsic Value is a measure of what an asset is worth. This measure is arrived at by means of an objective calculation or Complex Financial Model. Intrinsic Value is different from the current market price of an asset. However, comparing it to that current price can give investors an idea of whether the asset is undervalued or overvalued.
👉 Financial analysis uses cash flow to determine the intrinsic, or underlying, value of a company or stock. In options pricing, intrinsic value is the difference between the strike price of the option and the current market price of the underlying asset.
👉 Intrinsic value refers to some fundamental, objective value contained in an object, asset, or financial contract. (If the market price is below that value it may be a good buy—if above, a good sale.)
👉 When Evaluating Stocks, there are several methods for arriving at a fair assessment of a share's intrinsic value.
👉 Models utilize factors such as dividend streams, discounted cash flows, and residual income.
👉 Each model relies crucially on good assumptions. If the assumptions used are inaccurate or erroneous, then the values estimated by the model will deviate from the true intrinsic value.
Policy Options
Policy Options
Policy Principles and Practice
How the US Fed Implements Monetary Policy with Its Tools
Expansionary Monetary Policy is a form of macroeconomic Monetary Policy that seeks to amplify Economic Growth and Aggregate Demand. In order to do so, regulatory authorities like Central Banks “loosen” monetary policy by increasing the Money Supply and/or lowering Interest Rates. This has the effect of increasing overall economic activity: not only do consumers spend more money, but businesses also make more capital investments.
Contractionary Monetary Policy is a type of monetary policy that is intended to reduce the rate of monetary expansion to fight inflation.
European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
The European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) combines several of the European Union (EU) member states into a cohesive economic system. It is the successor to the European Monetary System (EMS). Note that there is a difference between the 19-member European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), and the larger European Union (EU) which has 27 member states as of 2022.
Also referred to as the Eurozone, the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is quite a broad umbrella, under which a group of policies has been enacted aimed at economic convergence and free trade among European Union member states. The EMU's development occurred through a three-phase process, with the third phase initiating the adoption of the common Euro Currency in place of former national currencies. This has been completed by all initial EU members except for the United Kingdom and Denmark, who have opted out of adopting the euro. The U.K. subsequently left the EMU in 2020 following the Brexit referendum.
European Commission. "Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)."
Barter System vs. Currency System: What's the Difference?
The primary difference between barter and currency systems is that a currency system uses an agreed-upon form of paper or coin money as an exchange system rather than directly trading goods and services through bartering. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages, although currency systems are more widely used in modern economies.
Major USA Regulator Agencies
DoT: Department of the Treasury
FCA: Farm Credit Administration
FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHFA: Federal Housing Finance Agency
NCUA: National Credit Union Administration
A cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.
Cooperative Values
Cooperatives are based on the values of Self-Help, Self-Responsibility, Democracy, Equality, Equity, and Solidarity. In the tradition of their founders, cooperative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others.
Cooperative Principles
The cooperative principles are guidelines by which cooperatives put their values into practice.
1. Voluntary and Open Membership
Cooperatives are voluntary organizations, open to all persons able to use their services and willing to accept the responsibilities of membership, without gender, social, racial, political or religious discrimination.
2. Democratic Member Control
Cooperatives are democratic organizations controlled by their members, who actively participate in setting their policies and making decisions. Men and women serving as elected representatives are accountable to the membership. In primary cooperatives members have equal voting rights (one member, one vote) and cooperatives at other levels are also organized in a democratic manner.
3. Member Economic Participation
Members contribute equitably to, and democratically control, the capital of their cooperative. At least part of that capital is usually the common property of the cooperative. Members usually receive limited compensation, if any, on capital subscribed as a condition of membership. Members allocate surpluses for any or all of the following purposes: developing their cooperative, possibly by setting up reserves, part of which at least would be indivisible; benefiting members in proportion to their transactions with the cooperative; and supporting other activities approved by the membership.
4. Autonomy and Independence
Cooperatives are autonomous, self-help organisations controlled by their members. If they enter into agreements with other organisations, including governments, or raise capital from external sources, they do so on terms that ensure democratic control by their members and maintain their cooperative autonomy.
5. Education, Training, and Information
Cooperatives provide education and training for their members, elected representatives, managers, and employees so they can contribute effectively to the development of their co-operatives. They inform the general public - particularly young people and opinion leaders - about the nature and benefits of co-operation.
6. Cooperation among Cooperatives
Cooperatives serve their members most effectively and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through local, national, regional and international structures.
7. Concern for Community
Cooperatives work for the sustainable development of their communities through policies approved by their members.
Guidance Notes on the Cooperative Principles
In 2016, the ICA’s Principles Committee released the Guidance Notes on the Cooperative Principles, giving detailed guidance and advice on the practical application of the Principles to cooperative enterprise. These Guidance Notes aim to state our understanding of the application of the Principles in contemporary terms for the 21st century.
Reference Sources
ICA Guidance Notes on the Cooperative PrinciplesICA - International Cooperative Alliance ICA’s Principles CommitteeGOV USA USAID Cooperatives 101GOV USA USAID Cooperative Development ProgramGOV USA USDA Co-ops: A Key Part of Rural AmericaGOV USA USDA Legal Documents for Cooperatives Sample GOV USA USDA Legal Foundations of a CooperativeGOV USA USGS Cooperative Research Units Established in 1935 at Iowa State University GOV USA FCA Farm Credit System InstitutionsCluster Profiles
Information regarding Industrial Sectors / Clusters is most important for attracting new investors and foreign buyers. In this regard, SMEDA regularly prepares Cluster profiles of different Industrial Clusters of all the Regions. These profiles provide basic information regarding the history & background of Clusters, core Cluster actors, current scenario of the Cluster, and analysis of Business Operations, Institutional setups, Issues and problems, and potential Businesses for Investment within that particular Cluster.
Balochistan Cluster Profiles (12)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Cluster Profiles (1)
Old (Archive Cluster Profiles) (41)
Punjab District Economic Profiles
District Profile of Bahawalpur [Dec-2020]
District Profile of Chakwal [Jun-2023]
District Profile of Dera Ghazi Khan [Dec-2020]
District Profile of Gujrat [May-2024]
District Profile of Jhang [Mar-2021]
Balochistan Cluster Profiles
Aviculture (Bird Farming) Sector of Pakistan [Mar-2022]
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