By end of  2025, more than 50 billion devices will be connected to the IoT, generating 79.4 zettabytes of data yearly. Annual installations of Industrial Robots, which have increased two times to about 450,000 since 2015.

Project NOVA-4R

Renewable Resources

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

National Recycling Goal 

To Increase the U.S. Recycling Rate to 50% by 2030

Global E-Waste Management Market

👉 The global E-Waste Management Market was valued at 66.4 billion U.S. dollars in 2023. 

👉 This market is forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.9 percent from 2024 to 2030, to reach 155.4 billion U.S. dollars in the latter year. 

👉 Electronic Waste is the fastest growing waste stream on the planet. It consists of everyday electronic equipment, such as televisions, mobile phones, cameras, kitchen appliances, and temperature exchange equipment. 

E-Waste Global Problem

The world’s generation of electronic waste is rising five times faster than documented e-waste recycling, according to the UN’s fourth Global E-waste Monitor (GEM). The 62 million tonnes of e-waste generated in 2022 would fill 1.55 million 40-tonne trucks, roughly enough trucks to form a bumper-to bumper line encircling the equator, according to the report from ITU and UNITAR. 

By The Numbers

62 million tonnes: E-waste generated in 2022, equal to the weight of 107,000 of world’s largest (853-seat), heaviest (575 tonne) passenger aircraft – enough to form an unbroken queue from New York to Athens, from Nairobi to Hanoi, or from Hong Kong to Anchorage

14 million tonnes (22.3%): Estimated mass of e-waste trashed, mostly landfilled, in 2022

31 million tonnes: estimated weight of metals embedded in e-waste in 2022, along with 17 million tonnes of plastics and 14 million tonnes of other materials (minerals, glass, composite materials, etc.)

US $91 billion: The value of metals embedded in 2022 e-waste, including US $19 billion in copper, US $15 billion in gold, and US $16 billion in iron.

US $28 billion: Value of secondary raw materials (mostly iron) reclaimed by “urban mining” of e-waste in 2022

900 million tonnes: Primary ore extraction avoided by reclaiming materials through documented e-waste recycling

93 million tonnes: CO2-equivalent emissions avoided by formal e-waste management – recaptured refrigerants (41 million tonnes), avoided metals mining (52 million tonnes) 

E-Waste Solution

Recycling and Repurposing Electronic Components

American National Standard Institute ANSI Approved 

R2 Standard - R2v3

 Case Study: Taiwan's Recycling System

Electronic devices are becoming commonplace in our quickly developing digital age, spurring innovation and improving our daily lives. However, there is a drawback to this rapid advancement of technology: electronic waste, or ‘e-waste’. Electronics that have been abandoned, from computers and cellphones to TVs and refrigerators, are referred to as e-waste. 

According to Statista, during 2022 worldwide Electronic Waste was 62 million metric tons and is expected to increase to 82 million metric tons by 2030. Recycling and Repurposing Electronic Components (RREC) is a crucial part of solving this growing problem.

The United States generates a significant amount of electronic waste (e-waste) each year: 

Annual generation: The US generates around 6.9 million tons of e-waste each year. 

Per capita generation: The US generates about 46 pounds of e-waste per person annually. 

Comparison to other countries: In 2022, the US was the second largest producer of e-waste in the world, after China. 

E-waste is a growing problem that poses significant challenges to the environment and human health. Some of the issues with e-waste include: 

👉 Improper disposal

👉 Most e-waste is managed outside formal collection and recycling schemes. In 2022, an estimated 14 billion kg of e-waste was disposed of improperly, mostly in high or middle-income countries. 

👉 Hazardous materials

👉 E-waste contains hazardous materials such as mercury, lead, cadmium, fluorocarbons, and various flame retardants. 

👉 Resource depletion

👉 The extraction, transportation, processing, and refining of materials used in e-waste products uses large amounts of energy and depletes natural resources. 

To address these issues, World Health Organization recommends that countries take actions such as:

👉 Developing and implementing national e-waste management legislation

👉 Monitoring e-waste sites and surrounding communities

👉 Educating health workers on e-waste-related child health issues

Hazardous substances, including lead, mercury, and cadmium are found in e-waste, and if improperly treated, they may present serious threats to human health and the environment. Some Regulations and Standards prohibit a certain amount of these substances to ensure that devices are more sustainable. When these hazardous materials are disposed of incorrectly, they can contaminate ecosystems and even endanger human health by seeping into soil and water. 

Additionally, valuable resources, including rare earth elements and precious metals like gold, silver, and palladium may be found in e-waste. Whilst lowering environmental concerns, recycling and reusing these parts helps preserve natural resources and reduces the necessity for mining and the exploitation of raw materials.

How to Prepare for Changes in Industrial Maintenance?

How to Recycle Electronic Components?

Emerging Technologies Dominating the Maintenance Industry

Top 5 Trends in Industrial Maintenance

1. Immersive Technologies

2. Additive Manufacturing 

3. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

4. Data Collection and Analytics

5. Maintenance as a Service (MaaS)

Certified Electronics Recyclers

The US EPA encourages electronics recyclers to become certified by an independent third-party auditor to ensure they meet certain standards for safely recycling electronics. There are two certification standards:

Responsible Recycling ("R2") Standard for Electronics Recyclers

e-Stewards® Standard for Responsible Recycling and Reuse of Electronic Equipment© ("e-Stewards®") 

How to Recycle Electronic Components

E-waste has become one of the fastest-growing waste streams in the world. The United States alone, generate about 6.9 million tons of e-waste each year. 

Globally, the World Economic Forum estimates that we'll produce around 81.6 million tons of e-waste yearly by 2030. 

EPA E-Waste and Used Electronics Management links

Sustainable Management of Electronics

National Strategy for Electronics Stewardship (NSES)

CEC report: “Quantitative Characterization of Domestic and Transboundary Flows of Used Electronics Products,”  (128 pp, 3 M, About PDF) detailing trade flows of used electronics from and within North America.

Strategic Projects

E-Waste Recycling Prefeasibility

Project Overview

Project Title: Texas E-Waste Recycling Plant (TEWR) TX-01-HOU

Provisional ROI (Return on Investment) Analysis 

Conclusion: The Proposed Texas E-Waste Recycling (TEWR) TX-01-HOU Plant is Technically, Financially, Environmentally, and Socially Feasible.

Assumptions

1. Initial investment: $5 million

2. Average annual revenue: $2.5 million

3. Average annual net income: $1.2 million

4. Project lifespan: 5 years

5. Discount rate: 10%

ROI Calculation

1. Net Present Value (NPV): $6.3 million

2. Internal Rate of Return (IRR): 24.5%

3. Return on Investment (ROI): 22.5%

4. Payback Period: 3.2 years

ROI Sensitivity Analysis

1. Revenue growth rate: 5% increase in revenue growth rate increases ROI to 25.5%

2. Cost reduction: 5% reduction in costs increases ROI to 24.8%

3. Project lifespan: 1-year increase in project lifespan increases ROI to 23.5%

4. Discount rate: 1% decrease in discount rate increases ROI to 23.2%

Conclusion

The ROI Analysis, based on the aforementioned assumptions, indicates that TEWR is a profitable investment opportunity, subject to a detailed lawful Feasibility.

1) Return On Investment of 22.5% and a Payback Period of 3.2 years. 

2) The Sensitivity Analysis indicates that changes in Revenue Growth Rate, Cost Fluctuation, Project Lifespan, and Discount Rate can impact the ROI.

TEWR Facility TX-01-HOU

- Location: Houston, Texas, USA

- Capacity: 10,000 kg/hour (240,000 kg/day, 87,600 tons/year)

- Technology: Mechanical-Physical Separation with manual dismantling

- Products:

    - Copper (30% of input)

    - Aluminum (20% of input)

    - Steel (15% of input)

    - Plastic (10% of input)

    - Precious metals (Au, Ag, Pd)

    - Hazardous waste (properly disposed)

Market Analysis

Texas Market Size:

- Estimated 2022 Texas E-Waste Generation: 345,000 tons 

(Source: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality)

- Projected 2025 Texas e-waste generation: 415,000 tons 

(Source: Environmental Protection Agency)

Growth Drivers:

1. Increasing electronic device usage and disposal

2. Growing demand for recycled materials (e.g., copper, aluminum etc.)

3. Stringent regulations and guidelines for e-waste management

4. Expanding electronics manufacturing industry in Texas

- Global E-Waste Generation: 50 million tons/year (2020)

- Growth Rate: 5-7% per annum

- Target Market: Local and international electronics manufacturers, recyclers, and refineries

- Competition: Local and international e-waste recycling facilities

Technical Prefeasibility

- Process:

    1. Receiving and Storage

    2. Dismantling and Sorting

    3. Shredding and Separation

    4. Mechanical Separation (magnets, eddy currents)

    5. Sorting and Quality Control

    6. Packaging and Shipping

- Equipment:

    - Shredders (2 x 5,000 kg/h)

    - Magnets (2 x 2,000 kg/h)

    - Eddy Current Separators (2 x 2,000 kg/h)

    - Air Classifiers (2 x 2,000 kg/h)

    - Conveyors, belts, and hoppers

Financial Prefeasibility

- Initial Investment: $7-9 million

- Operating Costs:

    - Labor: $2.5-3.5 million/year

    - Energy: $500,000-1.5 million/year

    - Maintenance: $200,000-500,000/year

    - Raw Materials (e-waste): $500,000-1.75 million/year

- Revenue:

    - Copper: $2-5 million/year

    - Aluminum: $1.5-3 million/year

    - Steel: $1-2.5 million/year

    - Plastic: $500,000-1,5 million/year

    - Precious metals: $500,000-1 million/year

- Break-Even Point: 2-3.5 years

Environmental Prefeasibility

- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):  Required as per Laws

- Waste Management:

    - Hazardous waste disposal

    - Non-hazardous waste recycling

- Air and Water Pollution Control:

    - Install scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators

    - Implement wastewater treatment systems

Social Prefeasibility

- Job Creation: 50-125 direct and indirect jobs

- Community Engagement:

    - Training programs for local workforce

    - Community development initiatives

Risk Assessment:

- Market risks (demand fluctuations)

- Technical risks (equipment failure)

- Environmental risks (pollution)

- Financial risks (Raw material price fluctuations, workers capabilities)

- Supply Chain (disruption)

Provisional Financial Model 7-D

Provisional Financial Model, Technical Specifications of Equipment, Regulatory Compliance Documents, and Market Research Reports for the Texas E-Waste Recycling (TEWR) facility are as follow:

Assumptions:

1. Capacity utilization: 75%

2. Average revenue per ton: $500

3. Average cost per ton: $300

4. Labor costs: $1.5 million/year

5. Energy costs: $500,000/year

6. Maintenance costs: $200,000/year

Income Statement (Year 1-3):

Year 1:

- Revenue: $2.5 million

- Cost of goods sold: $1.8 million

- Gross profit: $700,000

- Operating expenses: $1.2 million

- Net income: $300,000

Year 2:

- Revenue: $5 million

- Cost of goods sold: $3.5 million

- Gross profit: $1.5 million

- Operating expenses: $2.5 million

- Net income: $1 million

Year 3:

- Revenue: $7.5 million

- Cost of goods sold: $5.5 million

- Gross profit: $2.5 million

- Operating expenses: $3.5 million

- Net income: $2 million

Balance Sheet (Year 1-3):

Year 1:

- Assets: $5 million (equipment, inventory, accounts receivable)

- Liabilities: $2 million (loans, accounts payable)

- Equity: $3 million

Year 2:

- Assets: $10 million

- Liabilities: $4 million

- Equity: $6 million

Year 3:

- Assets: $15 million

- Liabilities: $6 million

- Equity: $9 million

Cash Flow Statement (Year 1-3):

Year 1:

- Operating cash flow: $500,000

- Investing cash flow: -$2 million (equipment purchases)

- Financing cash flow: $1.5 million (loans)

- Net change in cash: $0

Year 2:

- Operating cash flow: $1.5 million

- Investing cash flow: -$1 million

- Financing cash flow: $500,000

- Net change in cash: $1 million

Year 3:

- Operating cash flow: $2.5 million

- Investing cash flow: $0

- Financing cash flow: $0

- Net change in cash: $2.5 million

Technical Specifications of Equipment

1. Shredder: Model X-500, capacity 5 tons/hour

2. Separator: Model S-1000, capacity 10 tons/hour

3. Crusher: Model C-2000, capacity 20 tons/hour

4. Conveyor system: Model CS-100, length 100 feet

5. Sorting machinery: Model SM-500, capacity 5 tons/hour

Regulatory Compliance Documents

1. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Permit

2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Registration

3. OSHA Certification

4. Hazardous Waste Management Plan

5. Emergency Response Plan

Market Research Reports

1. "E-Waste Recycling Market - Global Forecast to 2025"

2. "Texas E-Waste Recycling Market Analysis"

3. "Electronic Waste Management: A Review of the Current Status and Future Directions"

4. "The Economic and Environmental Benefits of E-Waste Recycling"

5. "E-Waste Recycling Technology: A Review of the Current Status and Future Directions"

E-Waste Generation by Sector

1. Household (60%)

2. Commercial (25%)

3. Industrial (10%)

4. Government (5%)

Top E-Waste Streams:

1. Computers and peripherals (30%)

2. Mobile devices (20%)

3. Televisions (15%)

4. Printers and copiers (10%)

5. Appliances (10%)

Collection and Recycling Infrastructure

1. 150+ E-Waste collection facilities in Texas

2. 20+ certified e-waste recycling facilities

3. 10+ e-waste shredding facilities

Regulations and Incentives

1. Texas Electronics Recycling Program (TERP)

2. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Guidelines

3. EPA's Responsible Recycling (R2) Certification

4. Manufacturer Takeback Programs (MTP)

Challenges

1. Data Destruction and Security Concerns

2. Lack of Standardization in E-Waste Collection and Recycling

3. Insufficient Funding for E-Waste Management Programs

4. Limited Public Awareness and Education

Opportunities

1. Closed-Loop Recycling (CLR)

2. Urban Mining for Precious Metals (UBPM - Bioleaching)

3. E-Waste-to-Energy Technologies (EWET)

4. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Initiatives

(EPR a policy approach that assigns producers greater responsibility for the end-of-life management of the products) 

Research Sources:

1. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)

2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

3. International Association of Electronics Recyclers (IAER)

4. National Waste & Recycling Association (NWRA)

5. Texas Electronics Recycling Program (TERP)

6. EPA Funding

On September 16, 2024, EPA announced three Funding Opportunities for Recycling and Wasted Food Prevention:

1) Recycling Education and Outreach Grant Program.

2) Solid Waste Infrastructure for Recycling Grants for Communities.

3) Solid Waste Infrastructure for Recycling Grants for Tribes and Intertribal Consortia.

More information on:

1. Detailed market research reports?

2. E-waste management regulations and guidelines?

3. Key player profiles and market share analysis?

4. Emerging Trends and Technologies in E-Waste Recycling?

5. Business opportunities and investment potential?

Conclusion

The proposed Texas E-Waste Recycling Plant is technically, financially, environmentally, and socially feasible.

Emerging Technologies in E-Waste Recycling

Emerging trends and technologies in E-Waste Recycling are revolutionizing the way we tackle the growing problem of electronic waste. Some key developments:

- Advanced Sorting and Recycling Technologies: Artificial intelligence and robots are being used to sort and recycle e-waste, reducing costs and protecting human workers from toxic environments ¹.

- Improved Material Recovery Techniques: New methods like hydrometallurgical processes and bioleaching are being used to recover valuable materials like gold, silver, and platinum from discarded electronics.

- Circular Economy Integration: The focus is shifting towards a closed-loop manufacturing system where materials are kept in circulation for as long as possible through reuse, remanufacturing, and refurbishment.

- Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Recycling: IoT devices are being used to automate e-waste sorting and recycling, making the process more efficient and accurate.

- Global Collaboration and Standardization: Major tech firms are coming together to create modular products that can be easily repaired and recycled, reducing e-waste.

- Policy and Regulation Enhancements: Governments are implementing laws and regulations to ensure proper e-waste disposal and recycling.

- Urban Mining: This involves recovering valuable materials from various types of solid waste streams, including plastics, concrete, and metals ¹.

- Consumer Awareness and Education: Educating consumers about the importance of sustainable e-waste management is crucial for driving change.

- Localization of E-Waste Recyclers: Local recycling services are becoming more popular, reducing transportation costs and environmental impact.

- Ethical E-Waste Recycling Methods: There's a growing focus on ensuring that e-waste recycling is done in an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner.

These trends and technologies are paving the way for a more sustainable future and helping to mitigate the environmental and social impacts of e-waste.