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DESERT HYDROLOGY
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" أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يُزْجِي سَحَابًا ثُمَّ يُؤَلِّفُ بَيْنَهُ ثُمَّ يَجْعَلُهُ رُكَامًا فَتَرَى الْوَدْقَ يَخْرُجُ مِنْ خِلَالِهِ وَيُنَزِّلُ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مِنْ جِبَالٍ فِيهَا مِنْ بَرَدٍ فَيُصِيبُ بِهِ مَنْ يَشَاءُ وَيَصْرِفُهُ عَنْ مَنْ يَشَاءُ ۖ يَكَادُ سَنَا بَرْقِهِ يَذْهَبُ بِالْأَبْصَارِ"
" أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يُزْجِي سَحَابًا ثُمَّ يُؤَلِّفُ بَيْنَهُ ثُمَّ يَجْعَلُهُ رُكَامًا فَتَرَى الْوَدْقَ يَخْرُجُ مِنْ خِلَالِهِ وَيُنَزِّلُ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مِنْ جِبَالٍ فِيهَا مِنْ بَرَدٍ فَيُصِيبُ بِهِ مَنْ يَشَاءُ وَيَصْرِفُهُ عَنْ مَنْ يَشَاءُ ۖ يَكَادُ سَنَا بَرْقِهِ يَذْهَبُ بِالْأَبْصَارِ"
"...Can't you see that Allah (THE CREATOR 0F COSMIC) MAKES the clouds move gently, then Joins them together, then MAKES them into a pile? Then you see rain come out from within? And HE sends down from heaven mountains with ice inside them; that strike whomever HE (THE ALLAH) WISHES or MISS whoever (THE ALLAH) WISHES..."
"...Can't you see that Allah (THE CREATOR 0F COSMIC) MAKES the clouds move gently, then Joins them together, then MAKES them into a pile? Then you see rain come out from within? And HE sends down from heaven mountains with ice inside them; that strike whomever HE (THE ALLAH) WISHES or MISS whoever (THE ALLAH) WISHES..."
Arid and Semiarid Agriculture
Arid and Semiarid Agriculture
Soil Fertility and Crop Water Use Efficiency
Soil Fertility and Crop Water Use Efficiency
7 Key Processes of Water Cycle
Water Changes States (as it moves through these Processes): Liquid, Solid, and Gas
Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, Infiltration, Runoff, and Subsurface Flow
Global Drylands: 40.6% of Earth (Source: UNO Report)
Drylands are Arid and Semi-arid zones around the world where water resources are scarce. In the U.S., 40 percent of the land is considered dryland. USGS scientists are researching how predicted climate changes in dryland ecosystems--increases in temperature and declines in precipitation--will affect vegetation and wildlife in these areas as well as the ecosystem services they provide.
Drylands are Arid and Semi-arid zones around the world where water resources are scarce. In the U.S., 40 percent of the land is considered dryland. USGS scientists are researching how predicted climate changes in dryland ecosystems--increases in temperature and declines in precipitation--will affect vegetation and wildlife in these areas as well as the ecosystem services they provide.
Oases and oasis systems cover around 30 percent of the Arid Lands between the Sahara in Africa and Mongolia in Asia and support around 150 million people. These communities play a role as guardians of Indigenous culture and thousands of years of knowledge about these systems.
Oases and oasis systems cover around 30 percent of the Arid Lands between the Sahara in Africa and Mongolia in Asia and support around 150 million people. These communities play a role as guardians of Indigenous culture and thousands of years of knowledge about these systems.
Case Study: USA
Case Study: USA
Case Studies: Links Hyperlinks Open New Window
The Cadiz Water Project is an innovative Public-Private Partnership among Southern California Water Agencies and Desert Agriculture Business Cadiz Inc. that will create a new water supply that can serve up to 400,000 people a year by reducing a recurrent loss of groundwater to evaporation in California’s Mojave Desert. The project has successfully completed a robust review by state and local public agencies in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), the most aggressive environmental protection law in the nation, and will be governed by a Court-approved groundwater management plan overseen locally by San Bernardino County. The Project offers tremendous benefits to the Southern California region including creating 5,900 new jobs. The Project is presently completing final arrangements to deliver water to customers within the existing Southern California water transportation system so it can offer supplemental water supplies to any local community in need.
The Cadiz Water Project is an innovative Public-Private Partnership among Southern California Water Agencies and Desert Agriculture Business Cadiz Inc. that will create a new water supply that can serve up to 400,000 people a year by reducing a recurrent loss of groundwater to evaporation in California’s Mojave Desert. The project has successfully completed a robust review by state and local public agencies in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), the most aggressive environmental protection law in the nation, and will be governed by a Court-approved groundwater management plan overseen locally by San Bernardino County. The Project offers tremendous benefits to the Southern California region including creating 5,900 new jobs. The Project is presently completing final arrangements to deliver water to customers within the existing Southern California water transportation system so it can offer supplemental water supplies to any local community in need.
The study was conducted in the environmental management unit (EMU) “El Roble” SEDUE-EX3489/CHIH-07, encompassing an area of 2500 hectares (ha). The EMU is located between UTM coordinates 363,667.09° E, 3,347,954.14° N, and 371,658.91° E, 3,345,160.70° N (Figure 1a), at an elevation ranging from 1404 to 1766 m above sea level (masl). Read more...
The study was conducted in the environmental management unit (EMU) “El Roble” SEDUE-EX3489/CHIH-07, encompassing an area of 2500 hectares (ha). The EMU is located between UTM coordinates 363,667.09° E, 3,347,954.14° N, and 371,658.91° E, 3,345,160.70° N (Figure 1a), at an elevation ranging from 1404 to 1766 m above sea level (masl). Read more...
Vegetation at the study site comprises shrublands, grasslands, and sandy desert, as well as Gypsophilic and Halophilic Vegetation. Besides cattle, these rangelands host numerous wildlife species typical of northern Chihuahua, including Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), Javelina or Collared Peccary {Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758)}, and Avian Species such as Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis) and Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis).
Vegetation at the study site comprises shrublands, grasslands, and sandy desert, as well as Gypsophilic and Halophilic Vegetation. Besides cattle, these rangelands host numerous wildlife species typical of northern Chihuahua, including Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), Javelina or Collared Peccary {Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758)}, and Avian Species such as Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis) and Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis).
Between 2012 and 2014, a series of Soil and Water Conservation (USA Act) practices aiming to improve habitats and increase Forage Production were conducted in several areas within the study site.
Between 2012 and 2014, a series of Soil and Water Conservation (USA Act) practices aiming to improve habitats and increase Forage Production were conducted in several areas within the study site.
The treated area encompassed a total of 827 ha. The restoration practices included Land Imprinting, Contour Furrows, Stone Bunds, Gabions, and Planting of Native Shrub Species (i.e., Atriplex canescens and Prosopis glandulosa).
The treated area encompassed a total of 827 ha. The restoration practices included Land Imprinting, Contour Furrows, Stone Bunds, Gabions, and Planting of Native Shrub Species (i.e., Atriplex canescens and Prosopis glandulosa).
Soil water, groundwater, and weather data collection began in 2014 to investigate the hydrology of a catchment in the northeastern corner of the study site. Multiple ephemeral streams that flow in response to sporadic convective storms during the summer and fall are part of the landscape. The study site’s soil is classified as Regosols, made up of deep, well-drained, medium-textured colluvium deposits.
Soil water, groundwater, and weather data collection began in 2014 to investigate the hydrology of a catchment in the northeastern corner of the study site. Multiple ephemeral streams that flow in response to sporadic convective storms during the summer and fall are part of the landscape. The study site’s soil is classified as Regosols, made up of deep, well-drained, medium-textured colluvium deposits.
A vegetation survey conducted in 2017 as part of this study showed that the dominant overstory vegetation is creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), followed by honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and then whitethorn acacia (Acacia constricta). The dominant understory vegetation is black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), followed by tobosa (Hilaria mutica) and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis).
A vegetation survey conducted in 2017 as part of this study showed that the dominant overstory vegetation is creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), followed by honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and then whitethorn acacia (Acacia constricta). The dominant understory vegetation is black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), followed by tobosa (Hilaria mutica) and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis).
Herbaceous production data collected at the end of the growing season in the fall of 2013 and 2014 showed mean yield values of 630 and 536 kg ha−1 in treated vs. untreated areas in 2013 and 1910 and 1600 kg ha−1 in 2014. In addition to the physical soil and Water Conservation Infrastructure and planting of native species, the grazing management plan was adjusted. The cattle were removed from the property during the treatment years and reintroduced in 2016 using a rotational grazing system with light to medium stocking rates.
Herbaceous production data collected at the end of the growing season in the fall of 2013 and 2014 showed mean yield values of 630 and 536 kg ha−1 in treated vs. untreated areas in 2013 and 1910 and 1600 kg ha−1 in 2014. In addition to the physical soil and Water Conservation Infrastructure and planting of native species, the grazing management plan was adjusted. The cattle were removed from the property during the treatment years and reintroduced in 2016 using a rotational grazing system with light to medium stocking rates.
Case Study: Africa
Case Study: Africa
Case Study: Europe
Case Study: Europe
Country Case Studies: Libya - Saudi Arabia
Country Case Studies: Libya - Saudi Arabia
Reference - Sources
Desert Hydrology US NIH Case Study Ethiopia: Impacts of Soil and Water Conservation Practices on Crop Yield, Run-off, Soil Loss and Nutrient Loss
Desert Hydrology US NIH Case Study Ethiopia: Impacts of Soil and Water Conservation Practices on Crop Yield, Run-off, Soil Loss and Nutrient Loss
Additional Resources
Additional Resources
Case Studies
Case Studies
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