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Economic Revitalization Strategies (ERS)
Economic Revitalization Strategies (ERS)
Economic revitalization strategies can help improve local economies through job creation and retention, and by increasing access to goods and services. Some strategies include:
Investing in infrastructure: Repairing commercial and industrial infrastructure, investing in broadband and energy infrastructure, and building safer roads.
👉Supporting local businesses: Helping existing firms grow and innovate, and investing in downtown storefronts
👉Training residents: Investing in training programs and teaching critical job skills
👉Creating affordable housing: Offering affordable housing and centering housing affordability in economic competitiveness
👉Revitalizing physical spaces: Creating green spaces and rebuilding downtowns and neighborhood corridors
👉Attracting entrepreneurs: Creating an inclusive ecosystem for entrepreneurship
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has an Economic Revitalization Guide that includes recommended strategies for economic development after a disaster.
Lead Policy Advisor: Pacific Enterprises International Syndicate (PEIS) USA
Program Lead: Mohammad Afzal Mirza, President AEC LLC USA
USA System for Award Management (SAM) & DoD CAGE Code Status: Active
DSTs are interactive software tools used by decision-makers to help answer questions, solve problems, and support or refute conclusions. They can be incorporated into a structured decision-making process for environment site clean-up. DSTs often support multiple functions, such as data acquisition, spatial data management, modeling, and cost estimating. The Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable matrix is a table that provides general information about each DST, such as the types of files that may be imported to, or exported from, the DST, the characteristics of applicable sites (contaminants and media) and the functions it performs. All DSTs that were evaluated are free to the public.
DSTs are interactive software tools used by decision-makers to help answer questions, solve problems, and support or refute conclusions. They can be incorporated into a structured decision-making process for environment site clean-up. DSTs often support multiple functions, such as data acquisition, spatial data management, modeling, and cost estimating. The Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable matrix is a table that provides general information about each DST, such as the types of files that may be imported to, or exported from, the DST, the characteristics of applicable sites (contaminants and media) and the functions it performs. All DSTs that were evaluated are free to the public.
Resources: 1. U.S. "Brownfields Law" 2. US EPA Brownfields Program 3. National Brownfields Coalition
Resources: 1. U.S. "Brownfields Law" 2. US EPA Brownfields Program 3. National Brownfields Coalition
Economic Growth through Redevelopment
Economic Growth through Redevelopment
Term refers to the process of redeveloping and reusing contaminated, flooded, toxicated, or abandoned industrial, agricultural, and commercial properties, known as brownfields.
Term refers to the process of redeveloping and reusing contaminated, flooded, toxicated, or abandoned industrial, agricultural, and commercial properties, known as brownfields.
What are Brownfields?
What are Brownfields?
Brownfields are sites previously used for industrial, commercial, or other purposes that are now abandoned or underutilized due to:
Brownfields are sites previously used for industrial, commercial, or other purposes that are now abandoned or underutilized due to:
1) Environmental contamination (e.g., hazardous substances, pollutants)
1) Environmental contamination (e.g., hazardous substances, pollutants)
2) Perception of contamination
2) Perception of contamination
3) Functional obsolescence
3) Functional obsolescence
Challenges associated with Brownfields
Challenges associated with Brownfields
1) Environmental hazards
1) Environmental hazards
2) Liability concerns
2) Liability concerns
3) Redevelopment costs
3) Redevelopment costs
4) Community stigma
4) Community stigma
Benefits of Brownfields Revitalization
Benefits of Brownfields Revitalization
1) Environmental cleanup and sustainability
1) Environmental cleanup and sustainability
2) Economic growth through new development
2) Economic growth through new development
3) Job creation and community revitalization
3) Job creation and community revitalization
4) Preservation of green spaces and historic sites
4) Preservation of green spaces and historic sites
5) Increased property values
5) Increased property values
USA Key Players in Brownfields Revitalization
USA Key Players in Brownfields Revitalization
1) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
1) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
2) State and local governments
2) State and local governments
3) Private developers and investors
3) Private developers and investors
4) Community organizations and stakeholders
4) Community organizations and stakeholders
Brownfields Road Map 6th Edition breaks down Brownfields site investigation and cleanup into an easy to understand, step-by-step process that provides valuable and up-to-date information to a wide range of Brownfields stakeholders involved in or affected by the redevelopment of Brownfields sites. It introduces readers to a range of considerations and activities, and provides links to online technical resources and tools. The Road Map also highlights ten important issues, processes and initiatives commonly encountered by Brownfields stakeholders through "spotlights." These focus areas provide a quick look at topics currently relevant to Brownfields projects and provide links to additional information.
Brownfields Road Map 6th Edition breaks down Brownfields site investigation and cleanup into an easy to understand, step-by-step process that provides valuable and up-to-date information to a wide range of Brownfields stakeholders involved in or affected by the redevelopment of Brownfields sites. It introduces readers to a range of considerations and activities, and provides links to online technical resources and tools. The Road Map also highlights ten important issues, processes and initiatives commonly encountered by Brownfields stakeholders through "spotlights." These focus areas provide a quick look at topics currently relevant to Brownfields projects and provide links to additional information.
The "Brownfields Law"
The "Brownfields Law"
The 2002 Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act codified many of EPA's practices, policies and guidance. The Brownfields Law expanded EPA's assistance by providing new tools for the public and private sectors to promote sustainable Brownfields cleanup and reuse.
The 2002 Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act codified many of EPA's practices, policies and guidance. The Brownfields Law expanded EPA's assistance by providing new tools for the public and private sectors to promote sustainable Brownfields cleanup and reuse.
Brownfields grants continue to serve as the foundation of EPA's Brownfields Program. These grants support revitalization efforts by funding environmental assessment, cleanup, and job training activities.
Brownfields grants continue to serve as the foundation of EPA's Brownfields Program. These grants support revitalization efforts by funding environmental assessment, cleanup, and job training activities.
👉Brownfields Assessment Grants provide funding for Brownfields inventories, planning, environmental assessments, and community outreach.
👉Brownfields Assessment Grants provide funding for Brownfields inventories, planning, environmental assessments, and community outreach.
👉Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund Grants provide funding to capitalize loans that are used to clean up rbownfields.
👉Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund Grants provide funding to capitalize loans that are used to clean up rbownfields.
👉Brownfields Job Training Grants provide environmental training for residents of Brownfields communities.
👉Brownfields Job Training Grants provide environmental training for residents of Brownfields communities.
👉Brownfields Cleanup Grants provide direct funding for cleanup activities at certain properties with planned greenspace, recreational, or other nonprofit uses.
👉Brownfields Cleanup Grants provide direct funding for cleanup activities at certain properties with planned greenspace, recreational, or other nonprofit uses.
👉Brownfields Area-Wide Planning Grants provide funding to communities to research, plan and develop implementation strategies for cleaning up and revitalizing a specific area affected by one or more brownfields sites.
👉Brownfields Area-Wide Planning Grants provide funding to communities to research, plan and develop implementation strategies for cleaning up and revitalizing a specific area affected by one or more brownfields sites.
👉The Anatomy of a Brownfields Redevelopment document provides an overview of the Brownfields cleanup and redevelopment process from a real estate development perspective. The document identifies key challenges in Brownfields redevelopment, critical participants in Brownfields transactions, and important stages throughout processes such as pre-development, assessment, cleanup and development, and long-term property management. Example scenarios from projects using private, public-private, and public funding sources are included. The document also provides a brief glossary of key terms, as well as additional resources for those looking to clean up and redevelop brownfields.
👉The Anatomy of a Brownfields Redevelopment document provides an overview of the Brownfields cleanup and redevelopment process from a real estate development perspective. The document identifies key challenges in Brownfields redevelopment, critical participants in Brownfields transactions, and important stages throughout processes such as pre-development, assessment, cleanup and development, and long-term property management. Example scenarios from projects using private, public-private, and public funding sources are included. The document also provides a brief glossary of key terms, as well as additional resources for those looking to clean up and redevelop brownfields.
A Brownfield Property is a site that has Hazardous Waste or contaminants. Cleaning up these properties can have many benefits for local economies, such as taxes and jobs. Brownfield Properties can:
A Brownfield Property is a site that has Hazardous Waste or contaminants. Cleaning up these properties can have many benefits for local economies, such as taxes and jobs. Brownfield Properties can:
👉Improve the environment by cleaning up land and lessons learned from previous development.
👉Improve the environment by cleaning up land and lessons learned from previous development.
👉Brownfields can help add to local businesses, jobs, property values, and tax revenues.
👉Brownfields can help add to local businesses, jobs, property values, and tax revenues.
👉Brownfields have been used for many things including parks, housing developments, and shopping centers.
👉Brownfields have been used for many things including parks, housing developments, and shopping centers.
👉Brownfields are dealt with every day in America. Brownfields must be cleaned up when they become hazards to people. They are often developed for commercial use or for housing developments. Brownfield cleanup projects provide jobs and tax revenues to the city, county, and state governments. These areas must be cleaned up in an environmentally safe way to protect people and buildings nearby from contamination exposure.
👉Brownfields are dealt with every day in America. Brownfields must be cleaned up when they become hazards to people. They are often developed for commercial use or for housing developments. Brownfield cleanup projects provide jobs and tax revenues to the city, county, and state governments. These areas must be cleaned up in an environmentally safe way to protect people and buildings nearby from contamination exposure.
Contaminated sites, Brownfields, and Land Revitalization Involve
Contaminated sites, Brownfields, and Land Revitalization Involve
Contaminated Sites:
Contaminated Sites:
1. Hazardous substances or pollutants pollute soil, groundwater, or air.
1. Hazardous substances or pollutants pollute soil, groundwater, or air.
2. Sources: industrial processes, waste disposal, accidents, or legacy contamination.
2. Sources: industrial processes, waste disposal, accidents, or legacy contamination.
Brownfields:
Brownfields:
1. Abandoned, idle, or underutilized properties due to perceived or real contamination.
1. Abandoned, idle, or underutilized properties due to perceived or real contamination.
2. Economic and environmental revitalization opportunities.
2. Economic and environmental revitalization opportunities.
Land Revitalization:
Land Revitalization:
1. Remediation and reuse of contaminated sites.
1. Remediation and reuse of contaminated sites.
2. Redevelopment of brownfields.
2. Redevelopment of brownfields.
3. Restoration of ecosystem services.
3. Restoration of ecosystem services.
Key Challenges:
Key Challenges:
1. Environmental and health risks.
1. Environmental and health risks.
2. Economic barriers (cleanup costs, liability concerns).
2. Economic barriers (cleanup costs, liability concerns).
3. Regulatory complexities.
3. Regulatory complexities.
4. Community engagement and acceptance.
4. Community engagement and acceptance.
Revitalization Strategies:
Revitalization Strategies:
1. Assessment and remediation.
1. Assessment and remediation.
2. Risk assessment and management.
2. Risk assessment and management.
3. Redevelopment planning.
3. Redevelopment planning.
4. Community engagement and outreach.
4. Community engagement and outreach.
5. Public-private partnerships.
5. Public-private partnerships.
6. Grant funding and incentives.
6. Grant funding and incentives.
7. Green infrastructure integration.
7. Green infrastructure integration.
Benefits:
Benefits:
1. Environmental restoration.
1. Environmental restoration.
2. Economic growth through redevelopment.
2. Economic growth through redevelopment.
3. Job creation.
3. Job creation.
4. Increased property values.
4. Increased property values.
5. Improved public health.
5. Improved public health.
6. Enhanced community quality of life.
6. Enhanced community quality of life.
US EPA Brownfields Program:
US EPA Brownfields Program:
1. Grants for assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment.
1. Grants for assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment.
2. Technical assistance.
2. Technical assistance.
3. Liability protection.
3. Liability protection.
Best Practices:
Best Practices:
1. Collaborative stakeholder engagement.
1. Collaborative stakeholder engagement.
2. Integrated planning.
2. Integrated planning.
3. Innovative remediation technologies.
3. Innovative remediation technologies.
4. Sustainable redevelopment.
4. Sustainable redevelopment.
5. Long-term monitoring and maintenance.
5. Long-term monitoring and maintenance.
Large Scale Examples:
Large Scale Examples:
1. Pittsburgh's South Side brownfield redevelopment.
1. Pittsburgh's South Side brownfield redevelopment.
2. Denver's Stapleton Airport redevelopment.
2. Denver's Stapleton Airport redevelopment.
3. NYC's Hudson River waterfront revitalization.
3. NYC's Hudson River waterfront revitalization.
Resources:
Resources:
For additional information on a specific aspect or resources related to contaminated sites or brownfields revitalization,
For additional information on a specific aspect or resources related to contaminated sites or brownfields revitalization,
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an electromagnetic geophysical method that transmits radio wave pulses at select center frequencies into the ground to study the subsurface. GPR capitalizes on the effects that the electrical properties of matter (i.e., dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity, and magnetic permeability) have on electromagnetic (EM) energy propagation. If a wave pulse encounters a material interface of sufficiently different electromagnetic properties, some of the energy is reflected back while the remainder continues to propagate.
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an electromagnetic geophysical method that transmits radio wave pulses at select center frequencies into the ground to study the subsurface. GPR capitalizes on the effects that the electrical properties of matter (i.e., dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity, and magnetic permeability) have on electromagnetic (EM) energy propagation. If a wave pulse encounters a material interface of sufficiently different electromagnetic properties, some of the energy is reflected back while the remainder continues to propagate.
Modern GPR surveys typically involve the common-offset configuration where an antenna pair (i.e., a bistatic antenna) is mounted on a pushcart. The unit is moved along a transect while the system transmits radar pulses that last a few nanoseconds and are within the frequency range of 25 to 1,500 MHz. The returning signal amplitude is measured over time, and signal traces are displayed in cross-section on a digital handheld recorder and stored for future analysis.
Modern GPR surveys typically involve the common-offset configuration where an antenna pair (i.e., a bistatic antenna) is mounted on a pushcart. The unit is moved along a transect while the system transmits radar pulses that last a few nanoseconds and are within the frequency range of 25 to 1,500 MHz. The returning signal amplitude is measured over time, and signal traces are displayed in cross-section on a digital handheld recorder and stored for future analysis.
Separable transmitter and receiver antennas can also be employed by the GPR method. For example, a common-midpoint survey involves symmetrically moving the two antennas away from a point and allows for detailed analysis of the vertical velocity structure. Separate antennas can also be used for transmission surveys, wherein the primary focus is on the transmission of waves through materials (e.g., subsurface materials between boreholes, trees, buildings, etc.).
Separable transmitter and receiver antennas can also be employed by the GPR method. For example, a common-midpoint survey involves symmetrically moving the two antennas away from a point and allows for detailed analysis of the vertical velocity structure. Separate antennas can also be used for transmission surveys, wherein the primary focus is on the transmission of waves through materials (e.g., subsurface materials between boreholes, trees, buildings, etc.).
Despite some pitfalls, the GPR method has been successfully used as an investigative tool applied to hydrogeological, environmental, engineering, and archaeological studies to aid the following:
Despite some pitfalls, the GPR method has been successfully used as an investigative tool applied to hydrogeological, environmental, engineering, and archaeological studies to aid the following:
- Mapping bedrock configuration and depth
- Identifying karst features, voids, and burrows
- Locating pipes, tanks, and other utilities
- Delineating soil horizons and soil stratigraphy
- Determining ice thickness
- Locating the groundwater surface
- Determining water depth in lakes
- Mapping fractures, changes of rock type, and rock fabrics
- Identifying and mapping the extent of groundwater contamination
- Detecting unexploded ordinance and unmarked graves
- Studying moisture/gas dynamics in soils
- Locating lava tubes
- Monitoring tree root distribution and health
Many applications and industries have adopted LIDAR Technology; the applications range from Geographical Survey to 3D Structural Mapping and Object Recognition. Industries include Manufacturing Automation, Safety, Agriculture, Logistics, Transportation and many others.
Many applications and industries have adopted LIDAR Technology; the applications range from Geographical Survey to 3D Structural Mapping and Object Recognition. Industries include Manufacturing Automation, Safety, Agriculture, Logistics, Transportation and many others.
All these applications and industries have Leveraged LIDAR to Drive Down Costs, Create Safer Environments, Improve Efficiencies, or even do things not previously possible. To better understand the impact of LIDAR, it is important to understand what this technology is, what was used before it, and what LIDAR allows us to actually measure and, more importantly, do.
All these applications and industries have Leveraged LIDAR to Drive Down Costs, Create Safer Environments, Improve Efficiencies, or even do things not previously possible. To better understand the impact of LIDAR, it is important to understand what this technology is, what was used before it, and what LIDAR allows us to actually measure and, more importantly, do.
LIDAR is a system that bounces light off objects to detect them. This boils down to a transmitting portion of the system that emits light, and a receiving portion that measures the reflected light’s time of return. This happens to be exactly how traditional radar systems work, with one very important difference—the Wavelength of LIDAR Systems is on the order of ten thousand times shorter than the shortest radar wavelengths.
LIDAR is a system that bounces light off objects to detect them. This boils down to a transmitting portion of the system that emits light, and a receiving portion that measures the reflected light’s time of return. This happens to be exactly how traditional radar systems work, with one very important difference—the Wavelength of LIDAR Systems is on the order of ten thousand times shorter than the shortest radar wavelengths.
Active Remote Sensing
Active Remote Sensing
Radars and lidars are the most epic examples of active remote sensing
The earth’s surface and the atmosphere both reflect back emissions by the active sensors. This makes it possible for many space borne active sensor satellites to be involved in a variety of operations like the creation of a three-dimensional body of the cloud which is very resourceful in the weather forecast.
Active Sensors provide their own energy source for emission makes it possible to use it during day or night and over terrains and weather conditions where capturing solar radiation may be challenging.
There are three main types of Active remote sensing. They are:
Active Optical Remote Sensing: This type of remote sensing emits radiation in the visible range which hits the target and the back scattered light is analyzed. LIDAR is a common active optical remote sensor that is used.
Active Microwave Remote Sensing: This is the microwave emitting remote sensor and RADAR is commonly used for measurement of these microwaves.
Active Thermal Remote Sensing: This form of remote sensing is used to detect the thermal infrared radiations. LIDAR is commonly used for thermal remote sensing.
Active Remote Sensing Instruments
Active Remote Sensing Instruments
Active remote sensing instruments operate with their own source of emission or light, while passive ones rely on the reflected one. Radiation also differs by wavelengths that fall into short (visible, NIR, MIR) and long (microwave).
Each active sensor in remote sensing directs its signal to the object and then checks the response – the received quantity. The majority of devices employ microwaves since they are relatively immune to weather conditions. Active remote sensing techniques differ by what they transmit (light or waves) and what they determine (e.g., distance, height, atmospheric conditions, etc.).
Radar is a sensor assisting in ranging with radio signals. Its specific feature is the antenna emitting impulses. When the energy flow in radar active remote sensing meets an obstacle, it scatters back to the sensor to some degree. Based on its amount and traveling time, it is possible to estimate how far the target is.
Lidar determines distance with light. Lidar active remote sensing implies transmitting light impulses and checking the quantity retrieved. The target location and distance are understood by multiplying the time by the speed of light.
Laser altimeter measures elevation with lidar.
Ranging Instruments estimate the range either with one or two identical devices on different platforms sending signals to each other.
Sounder studies weather conditions vertically by emitting impulses, in case it falls to the active category.
Scatterometer is a specific device to measure bounced (backscattered) radiation.
Applications And Benefits
Applications And Benefits
Apart from a variety of implementations, active remote sensors basically have no restrictions as to research conditions. Active types of remote sensing systems fully function at any time of the day as they do not require sunlight, and they are relatively independent of atmospheric scatterings.
Various types of remote sensing technology find implementations both in scientific branches and far more practical industries. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission collected the Earth’s elevation data.
Lidar active remote sensing in the sky assisted in the elaboration of digital models of our planet’s surfaces.
Data acquired with remote sensing instruments serve agriculturalists and foresters. They are critical in hard-to-reach places in marine sciences and rescue missions.
Sounders assist in developing weather forecasts with vertical profiles of humidity, precipitations, temperature, and absence/presence of clouds.
Sources: GOV USA NASA APPLIED SCIENCES PROGRAM | GOV EU Remote Sensing Types Of Remote Sensing | EOS Data Analytics
Types of Remote Sensing Sensors and Applications
Types of Remote Sensing Sensors and Applications
Remote sensing sensors have become an essential tool for monitoring and understanding the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. From monitoring weather patterns and mapping natural resources to tracking the movements of vehicles etc.
Remote sensing sensors have become an essential tool for monitoring and understanding the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. From monitoring weather patterns and mapping natural resources to tracking the movements of vehicles etc.
Remote sensing sensors are instruments that are used to collect data about the Earth’s surface and atmosphere remotely. These sensors can be placed on aircrafts, satellites, drones, or other platforms and can capture information about the physical properties of the planet, such as temperature, reflectance, and emissions.
Remote sensing sensors are instruments that are used to collect data about the Earth’s surface and atmosphere remotely. These sensors can be placed on aircrafts, satellites, drones, or other platforms and can capture information about the physical properties of the planet, such as temperature, reflectance, and emissions.
Electromagnetic Sensors: Electromagnetic sensors are devices that detect and measure electromagnetic waves, which are oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagating through space. These sensors are employed to gather information about different aspects of the environment, including physical properties, electromagnetic phenomena, and even the presence of certain materials. Some common examples of electromagnetic sensors include magnetic, microwave and radio frequency sensors.
Electromagnetic Sensors: Electromagnetic sensors are devices that detect and measure electromagnetic waves, which are oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagating through space. These sensors are employed to gather information about different aspects of the environment, including physical properties, electromagnetic phenomena, and even the presence of certain materials. Some common examples of electromagnetic sensors include magnetic, microwave and radio frequency sensors.
Lidar Sensors: Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors are a type of remote sensing sensor that use laser pulses to measure distance to the object and can be used to create detailed 3D maps of the Earth’s surface and even the seafloor. This makes them incredibly useful for navigation and terrain analysis.
Lidar Sensors: Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors are a type of remote sensing sensor that use laser pulses to measure distance to the object and can be used to create detailed 3D maps of the Earth’s surface and even the seafloor. This makes them incredibly useful for navigation and terrain analysis.
Some common examples of lidar sensors include airborne lidar and terrestrial lidar. Airborne lidar sensors are typically mounted on aircrafts and used for mapping large areas rapidly. Terrestrial lidar, on the other hand, are mounted on tripods or vehicles and are used to create detailed 3D maps of small areas.
Some common examples of lidar sensors include airborne lidar and terrestrial lidar. Airborne lidar sensors are typically mounted on aircrafts and used for mapping large areas rapidly. Terrestrial lidar, on the other hand, are mounted on tripods or vehicles and are used to create detailed 3D maps of small areas.
Lidar sensors can also be combined with other remote sensing sensors, such as cameras and multispectral scanners, to provide additional information about the Earth’s surface.
Lidar sensors can also be combined with other remote sensing sensors, such as cameras and multispectral scanners, to provide additional information about the Earth’s surface.
Multispectral & Hyperspectral: Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging cameras go beyond the visible spectrum, capturing images in multiple spectral bands, including visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and thermal infrared.
Multispectral & Hyperspectral: Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging cameras go beyond the visible spectrum, capturing images in multiple spectral bands, including visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and thermal infrared.
Infrared: These sensors detect electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves, making them capable of detecting heat radiation emitted by objects.
Infrared: These sensors detect electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves, making them capable of detecting heat radiation emitted by objects.
Ultraviolet: These sensors can capture ultraviolet radiation, which is shorter in wavelength than visible light and is often used for specialized applications.
Ultraviolet: These sensors can capture ultraviolet radiation, which is shorter in wavelength than visible light and is often used for specialized applications.
Optical Sensors: Optical sensors primarily operate within the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and are used to create images of the Earth’s surface. They cinclude traditional cameras that produce color images using red, green, and blue channels, as well as, more advanced versions such as multispectral and hyperspectral imaging cameras.
Optical Sensors: Optical sensors primarily operate within the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and are used to create images of the Earth’s surface. They cinclude traditional cameras that produce color images using red, green, and blue channels, as well as, more advanced versions such as multispectral and hyperspectral imaging cameras.
Radar Sensors: Radar sensors are a type of remote sensing sensor that use radio waves to detect the Earth’s surface and measure the distance to objects. These sensors emit electromagnetic waves, which bounce off objects and return to the sensor. By measuring the time it takes for the waves to return, radar sensors can calculate the distance to the object and can be used to create a map of the surrounding environment. Some common examples of radar sensors include synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and interferometric SAR (InSAR).
Radar Sensors: Radar sensors are a type of remote sensing sensor that use radio waves to detect the Earth’s surface and measure the distance to objects. These sensors emit electromagnetic waves, which bounce off objects and return to the sensor. By measuring the time it takes for the waves to return, radar sensors can calculate the distance to the object and can be used to create a map of the surrounding environment. Some common examples of radar sensors include synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and interferometric SAR (InSAR).
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): SAR is a type of radar sensor that uses advanced imaging techniques to create high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface. Among others, it can be used to detect and monitor changes in land use, map deforestation or flooded areas and even measure the movement of glaciers.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): SAR is a type of radar sensor that uses advanced imaging techniques to create high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface. Among others, it can be used to detect and monitor changes in land use, map deforestation or flooded areas and even measure the movement of glaciers.
Interferometric SAR (InSAR): InSAR is a type of radar sensor that measures surface deformation and subsidence. InSAR uses two or more radar images of the same area taken at different times and compares the differences in the images to create a 3D map of the surface deformation. InSAR can be used to monitor volcanic activity, map earthquake zones, and measure the deformation of glaciers and ice sheets.
Interferometric SAR (InSAR): InSAR is a type of radar sensor that measures surface deformation and subsidence. InSAR uses two or more radar images of the same area taken at different times and compares the differences in the images to create a 3D map of the surface deformation. InSAR can be used to monitor volcanic activity, map earthquake zones, and measure the deformation of glaciers and ice sheets.
Visible Spectrum: Visible spectrum sensors capture images using standard colors (red, green, blue) to create colorful representations of the Earth’s surface.
Visible Spectrum: Visible spectrum sensors capture images using standard colors (red, green, blue) to create colorful representations of the Earth’s surface.
IMAGE RESOLUTION: For earth observation, WE have to consider image resolution.
IMAGE RESOLUTION: For earth observation, WE have to consider image resolution.
Remote sensing divides image resolution into three different types:
Remote sensing divides image resolution into three different types:
Spatial resolution
Spatial resolution
Spectral resolution
Spectral resolution
Temporal resolution
Temporal resolution
SPATIAL RESOLUTION: Spatial Resolution is the detail in pixels of an image. High spatial resolution means more detail and smaller pixel size. Whereas, lower spatial resolution means less detail and larger pixel size.
SPATIAL RESOLUTION: Spatial Resolution is the detail in pixels of an image. High spatial resolution means more detail and smaller pixel size. Whereas, lower spatial resolution means less detail and larger pixel size.
Typically, UAV imagery has one of the highest spatial resolution. Even though satellites are highest in the atmosphere, they are capable of 50cm pixel size or greater.
Typically, UAV imagery has one of the highest spatial resolution. Even though satellites are highest in the atmosphere, they are capable of 50cm pixel size or greater.
SPECTRAL RESOLUTION: Spectral Resolution is the amount of spectral detail in a band. High spectral resolution means its bands are more narrow. Whereas low spectral resolution has broader bands covering more of the spectrum.
SPECTRAL RESOLUTION: Spectral Resolution is the amount of spectral detail in a band. High spectral resolution means its bands are more narrow. Whereas low spectral resolution has broader bands covering more of the spectrum.
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION: Temporal Resolution is the time it takes for a satellite to complete a full orbit. UAVs, airplanes, and helicopters are completely flexible. But satellites orbit the Earth in set paths.
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION: Temporal Resolution is the time it takes for a satellite to complete a full orbit. UAVs, airplanes, and helicopters are completely flexible. But satellites orbit the Earth in set paths.
Global position system satellites are in medium Earth orbit (MEO). Because they follow a continuous orbital path, revisit times are consistent. This means our GPS receiver can almost always achieve 3 satellites or greater for high accuracy.
Global position system satellites are in medium Earth orbit (MEO). Because they follow a continuous orbital path, revisit times are consistent. This means our GPS receiver can almost always achieve 3 satellites or greater for high accuracy.
Sun-Synchronous Orbits keep the angle of sunlight on the surface of the Earth as consistent as possible.
Sun-Synchronous Orbits keep the angle of sunlight on the surface of the Earth as consistent as possible.
It’s the satellite’s height above the Earth’s surface that determines the time it takes for a complete orbit. If a satellite has a higher altitude, the orbital period increases.
It’s the satellite’s height above the Earth’s surface that determines the time it takes for a complete orbit. If a satellite has a higher altitude, the orbital period increases.
We categorize orbits by their altitude:
We categorize orbits by their altitude:
We often find the weather, communications, and surveillance satellites in high Earth Orbit. But CubeSats, the ISS, and other satellites are often in Low Earth Orbit.
We often find the weather, communications, and surveillance satellites in high Earth Orbit. But CubeSats, the ISS, and other satellites are often in Low Earth Orbit.
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