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".... يَعۡلَمُ مَا بَيۡنَ اَيۡدِيۡهِمۡ وَمَا خَلۡفَهُمۡۚ وَلَا يُحِيۡطُوۡنَ بِشَىۡءٍ مِّنۡ عِلۡمِهٖۤ اِلَّا بِمَا شَآءَ ۚ وَسِعَ...."
".... يَعۡلَمُ مَا بَيۡنَ اَيۡدِيۡهِمۡ وَمَا خَلۡفَهُمۡۚ وَلَا يُحِيۡطُوۡنَ بِشَىۡءٍ مِّنۡ عِلۡمِهٖۤ اِلَّا بِمَا شَآءَ ۚ وَسِعَ...."
"....ALLAH (THE CREATOR OF COSMIC) KNOWS what is before them (the mankind) and what is behind them, but they (the mankind) do not comprehend any of HIS (THE ALLAH) Knowledge except what HE (THE ALLAH) Wills (to reveal)...."
The Divine Holy Book Al-Quran: Chapter: 2 Verse: 255
Policy - Treaties - Law - Dispute Resolution
Case Study: Texas Electricity Market Deregulation
Case Study: Texas Electricity Market Deregulation
Texas is the United States Energy Powerhouse, producing and consuming more energy than any other state.
Texas is the United States Energy Powerhouse, producing and consuming more energy than any other state.
There are scores of companies producing electricity to add to Texas’ power grid. These range from small solar farms to enormous natural gas-fired power plants.
There are scores of companies producing electricity to add to Texas’ power grid. These range from small solar farms to enormous natural gas-fired power plants.
At precisely midnight on January 1, 2002, Texas’ electricity retail market became deregulated. Electric companies introduced their new customers to deregulation with prices six percent lower per than the previous regulated price.
At precisely midnight on January 1, 2002, Texas’ electricity retail market became deregulated. Electric companies introduced their new customers to deregulation with prices six percent lower per than the previous regulated price.
Fast forward to the present day, and some 85% of Texans — around 26 million people — can choose their power company. The monopolies of the 20th century have gone. So how does 21st-century electricity look in Texas?
Fast forward to the present day, and some 85% of Texans — around 26 million people — can choose their power company. The monopolies of the 20th century have gone. So how does 21st-century electricity look in Texas?
The PURA legislation of 1975 laid the foundation for Texas’ innovative energy generation market, encouraging investment in renewables like wind energy. In fact, Texas produced 26% of the nation’s wind energy in 2021.
The PURA legislation of 1975 laid the foundation for Texas’ innovative energy generation market, encouraging investment in renewables like wind energy. In fact, Texas produced 26% of the nation’s wind energy in 2021.
That said, it’s not all rosy in Texas. That same year, natural gas power plants produced around half of Texan electricity, increasing greenhouse gas emissions that accelerate climate change.
That said, it’s not all rosy in Texas. That same year, natural gas power plants produced around half of Texan electricity, increasing greenhouse gas emissions that accelerate climate change.
These power generation companies make money by charging for the electricity they produce.
These power generation companies make money by charging for the electricity they produce.
21st Century Energy Deregulation in Texas
21st Century Energy Deregulation in Texas
How Texas Energy operates after, some two decades since deregulation’s introduction.
How Texas Energy operates after, some two decades since deregulation’s introduction.
How Does the Texas Deregulated Electricity Market Work?
How Does the Texas Deregulated Electricity Market Work?
There are three principal stages to the electricity supply and demand chain. Companies can compete for business across each section.
There are three principal stages to the electricity supply and demand chain. Companies can compete for business across each section.
Power generation: Companies compete to add Wholesale Electricity to Texas’ power grid. Prices paid fluctuate depending on supply and demand. Power generators include natural gas, solar panel, wind, and nuclear power plants. Wholesale energy costs could drop on a very windy day, for example, or increase when there are shortages of power supply, e.g., a day with no wind or sun.
Power generation: Companies compete to add Wholesale Electricity to Texas’ power grid. Prices paid fluctuate depending on supply and demand. Power generators include natural gas, solar panel, wind, and nuclear power plants. Wholesale energy costs could drop on a very windy day, for example, or increase when there are shortages of power supply, e.g., a day with no wind or sun.
Transmission: Electric utilities maintain the power grid, including poles and transmission lines, and restore power after outages. These companies, also called Transmission and Distribution Utilities (TDUs), deliver electricity to residential customers and businesses.
Transmission: Electric utilities maintain the power grid, including poles and transmission lines, and restore power after outages. These companies, also called Transmission and Distribution Utilities (TDUs), deliver electricity to residential customers and businesses.
Not all utilities are state-owned, even in areas of Texas where electricity is still regulated. There are Publicly Owned Utilities (POUs) and privately-owned Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs).
Not all utilities are state-owned, even in areas of Texas where electricity is still regulated. There are Publicly Owned Utilities (POUs) and privately-owned Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs).
Consumption: Electric companies called Retail Electricity Providers (REPs) bill customers for their electricity use. These REPs buy wholesale electricity from power generators and sell it to consumers with the intent of making a profit.
Consumption: Electric companies called Retail Electricity Providers (REPs) bill customers for their electricity use. These REPs buy wholesale electricity from power generators and sell it to consumers with the intent of making a profit.
Who Oversees the Deregulated Electricity Market in Texas?
Who Oversees the Deregulated Electricity Market in Texas?
The Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUC or PUCT) regulates the Texas power grid. The Texas governor appoints the PUCT’s commissioners.
The Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUC or PUCT) regulates the Texas power grid. The Texas governor appoints the PUCT’s commissioners.
ERCOT ensures there is a sufficient real-time electricity supply to meet the demand across the majority of the Texas Power Grid. The regulatory PUCT oversees ERCOT’s actions. ERCOT has to schedule power flows, for example, planning for power surges. It also offers a Real-time Grid and Market Conditions Online Tool.
ERCOT ensures there is a sufficient real-time electricity supply to meet the demand across the majority of the Texas Power Grid. The regulatory PUCT oversees ERCOT’s actions. ERCOT has to schedule power flows, for example, planning for power surges. It also offers a Real-time Grid and Market Conditions Online Tool.
Cooperatives Role in Texas’s Deregulated Energy Market
Cooperatives Role in Texas’s Deregulated Energy Market
Electric Cooperatives tend to provide electricity services in regulated areas only. These non-profit businesses number 76 in total, and have more than three million customers, also called members. There’s an emphasis on cooperation between them, and they are part of the Texas Electric Cooperatives (TEC).
Electric Cooperatives tend to provide electricity services in regulated areas only. These non-profit businesses number 76 in total, and have more than three million customers, also called members. There’s an emphasis on cooperation between them, and they are part of the Texas Electric Cooperatives (TEC).
People served by cooperatives can only choose an alternative REP if the utility has opted into deregulation, a rare occurrence.
People served by cooperatives can only choose an alternative REP if the utility has opted into deregulation, a rare occurrence.
The Pros and Cons of Energy Deregulation in Texas
The Pros and Cons of Energy Deregulation in Texas
People living in deregulated energy areas have a wide choice of electricity plans to suit their lifestyle, rather than a one-size-fits-all price plan. Energy generation is much more mixed than before with Texas able to exploit all its renewable energy and natural resources.
People living in deregulated energy areas have a wide choice of electricity plans to suit their lifestyle, rather than a one-size-fits-all price plan. Energy generation is much more mixed than before with Texas able to exploit all its renewable energy and natural resources.
Companies are incentivized to innovate through technology, bringing greater efficiencies, and ultimately, customers can benefit from lower prices.
Companies are incentivized to innovate through technology, bringing greater efficiencies, and ultimately, customers can benefit from lower prices.
In 2020, the average price paid nationally for electricity per kilowatt-hour was 10.59 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh). In Texas, that figure was 8.36 cents per kWh.
In 2020, the average price paid nationally for electricity per kilowatt-hour was 10.59 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh). In Texas, that figure was 8.36 cents per kWh.
Back in 2002, ENRON was accused of massively inflating demand on West Texas transmission lines. It wanted to push up prices and manipulate the market. ENRON was fined $7 million within a year of joining and eventually kicked out of the market.
Back in 2002, ENRON was accused of massively inflating demand on West Texas transmission lines. It wanted to push up prices and manipulate the market. ENRON was fined $7 million within a year of joining and eventually kicked out of the market.
Texas’s isolation from national grids also leaves it susceptible to blackouts and outages. The winter storm of February 2021 showed this point mercilessly. Plummeting Temperatures led to Electricity Production Equipment at natural gas power plants freezing.
Texas’s isolation from national grids also leaves it susceptible to blackouts and outages. The winter storm of February 2021 showed this point mercilessly. Plummeting Temperatures led to Electricity Production Equipment at natural gas power plants freezing.
The electricity supply dropped just as people turned their heating on to keep warm. The Texas power grid couldn’t meet demand, resulting in thousands of outages that left more than 4.5 million people without power for up to four days. More than 200 people died, many of Hypothermia or Frostbite.
The electricity supply dropped just as people turned their heating on to keep warm. The Texas power grid couldn’t meet demand, resulting in thousands of outages that left more than 4.5 million people without power for up to four days. More than 200 people died, many of Hypothermia or Frostbite.
Those with power and variable-rate energy plans saw Electricity Prices rise from pre-storm costs of 12 cents per kilowatt-hour to $9 per kilowatt-hour. Many people were left with utility bill arrears in the thousands of dollars. Free market economics, defined by supply and demand, do not always lead to the best user-end results.
Those with power and variable-rate energy plans saw Electricity Prices rise from pre-storm costs of 12 cents per kilowatt-hour to $9 per kilowatt-hour. Many people were left with utility bill arrears in the thousands of dollars. Free market economics, defined by supply and demand, do not always lead to the best user-end results.
Hybrid Industrial Plant Efficiency
Hybrid Industrial Plant Efficiency
Solar Radiation Impact
Solar Radiation Impact
The Sun is a Main-Sequence Star, and thus generates its Energy (Solar Flares) by Nuclear Fusion of Hydrogen Nuclei into Helium. In its core, the Sun fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen each second
Chemical Energy is a form of potential energy found within chemical bonds, atoms, and subatomic particles. Chemical energy can be observed and measured only when a chemical reaction occurs. Fuel contains chemical energy.
Chemical Energy is a form of potential energy found within chemical bonds, atoms, and subatomic particles. Chemical energy can be observed and measured only when a chemical reaction occurs. Fuel contains chemical energy.
Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMFs) are invisible areas of energy, often referred to as Radiation, that are associated with the use of electrical power and various forms of natural and man-made lighting. EMFs are typically grouped into one of two categories by their frequency.
Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMFs) are invisible areas of energy, often referred to as Radiation, that are associated with the use of electrical power and various forms of natural and man-made lighting. EMFs are typically grouped into one of two categories by their frequency.
Electrical Energy is the movement of electrons (the tiny particles that makeup atoms, along with protons and neutrons). Electrons that move through a wire are called electricity. Lightning is another example of electrical energy.
Electrical Energy is the movement of electrons (the tiny particles that makeup atoms, along with protons and neutrons). Electrons that move through a wire are called electricity. Lightning is another example of electrical energy.
Geothermal Energy is Thermal Energy extracted from the Earth's Crust. It combines energy from the formation of the planet and from Radioactive Decay. Geothermal Heating, has been used since Paleolithic times.
Geothermal Energy is Thermal Energy extracted from the Earth's Crust. It combines energy from the formation of the planet and from Radioactive Decay. Geothermal Heating, has been used since Paleolithic times.
Mechanical Energy –(kinetic energy or potential energy) is the energy of either an object in motion or the energy that is stored in objects by their position. Mechanical energy is also a driver of renewable energy.
Mechanical Energy –(kinetic energy or potential energy) is the energy of either an object in motion or the energy that is stored in objects by their position. Mechanical energy is also a driver of renewable energy.
Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of atoms. This energy is released when the nuclei are combined (fusion) or split apart (fission). Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms to produce electricity.
Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of atoms. This energy is released when the nuclei are combined (fusion) or split apart (fission). Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms to produce electricity.
Radiant Energy or Electromagnetic Energy is a type of kinetic energy that travels in waves. Radiant energy, electromagnetic radiation (EMR), electromagnetic waves, also known as light. Light is made of individual particles called photons, each carrying a small "packet" of energy.
Radiant Energy or Electromagnetic Energy is a type of kinetic energy that travels in waves. Radiant energy, electromagnetic radiation (EMR), electromagnetic waves, also known as light. Light is made of individual particles called photons, each carrying a small "packet" of energy.
Waves are highly predictable and completely renewable, - waves work 24/7, 365. Wave Energy can be an accessible, renewable, CO2-free power source, theoretical global output of wave power is 29,500 TWh/yr—roughly 125% of the current global demand for electricity.
Waves are highly predictable and completely renewable, - waves work 24/7, 365. Wave Energy can be an accessible, renewable, CO2-free power source, theoretical global output of wave power is 29,500 TWh/yr—roughly 125% of the current global demand for electricity.
MUGHALS Strategic Initiatives
MUGHALS Strategic Initiatives
About Us
About Us
👉 We are a small Group of Multinational-Multidiscipline, Independent, Lawfully Certified Professionals.
👉 We Build Lawful, Meaningful, Stable, and Long Term Mutually Beneficial Partnerships, in accordance with Islamic Principles.
👉 Our Global Multinational Core Professional Team Combined Experience: 368+ Years (DEC 2023).
How We Accomplish
👉 To implement SMART Solutions, in addition to in-house resources, we engage Qualified & Experienced Consultants, Experts; and Industry Leading Vendors on Project-by-Project basis.
👉 Based on Project Terms of Reference (ToR), we amass best possible team of Multi-Discipline Engineers; ICT & Cyberspace Experts; Managers; Financial & Legal Consultants, to complete the project on schedule & within budget.
Energy Infrastructure - Utilities
Energy Infrastructure - Utilities
Potential Clients: Governments; Defense & Law Enforcing Agencies;
Private and Public Sectors Organizations
Agriculture - MiningValue Chain
NOVA-1A
NOVA-1A
Agriculture - MiningTrading Supply Chain
NOVA-1B
NOVA-1B
AgriculturePrecision Agriculture
NOVA-1C
NOVA-1C
EnergyPower Generation
NOVA-2A
NOVA-2A
Energy - RenewablesSolar - Offshore - Wind
NOVA-2B
NOVA-2B
Hybrid ManufacturingAerospace - Defense
NOVA-3A
NOVA-3A
Additive ManufacturingAuto - Semiconductor
NOVA-3B
NOVA-3B
Hybrid ManufacturingElectronics Industry
NOVA-3C
NOVA-3C
Education - HealthTraining - Supply Chain
NOVA-4A
NOVA-4A
Health Pharmaceutical
NOVA-4B
NOVA-4B
NOVA-7
Strengthening Cyberspace Capacity and Capability
Theme: Autonomous; Cross-Sector; Multiple Digital Clusters; Skills Development; Strategic Integration; Technology
Autonomous Integrated Super Clusters (AISC)
Aerospace - Agriculture - Education - Energy - Health - Mining - Water
Joint Venture Lead: Pacific Enterprises International Syndicate (PEIS) USA
Catalyst Initiative: Quantum Transformation
Priority Focus: Cyberspace Algorithm Enhancement & Development
Priority Focus: Cyberspace Algorithm Enhancement & Development
Deliverable: Global Quantum Digital Infrastructure (GQDI)
Priority Deliverable: Lawful Global Digital Payment Ecosystem (GDPE)
Products: PAKLink - PAKPay - PAKChat - PAKMart - PAKTrade
Microwave; Wireless Broadband
Microwave; Wireless Broadband
Cybersecurity Policy Framework: National Digital Security - Technology - Law Enforcement
Energy Efficiency - SMART Grids
Energy Efficiency - SMART Grids
Globally, since 2010, a cumulative total of 644 GW of renewable power generation capacity has been added with estimated costs that have been lower than the cheapest fossil fuel-fired option
Case Study: Kenya
Case Study: USA California
Country Case Study: Iceland
Sound Navigation and Ranging (Sonar) System Training
Offshore Operational Support
Subsea Operational Support
Deep Sea Operational Support
Deep Sea Operational Support Training
Research References Sources
GOV OECD POLICY Autonomous Regulators
GOV USA DOD SPACE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS
GOV USA DOD CYBERSPACE 2023-2027 Cyber Workforce Strategy - Implementation Plan
Framework for “Investment Contract” Analysis of Digital Assets1
Framework for “Investment Contract” Analysis of Digital Assets1
Cybersecurity Framework's five Functions:
Cybersecurity Framework's five Functions:
Standards for Critical and Emerging Technology
Standards for Critical and Emerging Technology
What is an Initial Coin Offering? https://www.marylandattorneygeneral.gov/Securities%20Documents/ICOs_051818.pdf
What is an Initial Coin Offering? https://www.marylandattorneygeneral.gov/Securities%20Documents/ICOs_051818.pdf
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
Additional Sources
Additional Sources
Framework for “Investment Contract” Analysis of Digital Assets1
Framework for “Investment Contract” Analysis of Digital Assets1
Cybersecurity Framework's five Functions:
Cybersecurity Framework's five Functions:
Standards for Critical and Emerging Technology
Standards for Critical and Emerging Technology
What is an Initial Coin Offering? https://www.marylandattorneygeneral.gov/Securities%20Documents/ICOs_051818.pdf
What is an Initial Coin Offering? https://www.marylandattorneygeneral.gov/Securities%20Documents/ICOs_051818.pdf
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
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