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Ohm's Law

This law states that electric current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. The equation for this is V=ir (Voltage = Current x Resistance).

Parallel Circuit

A parallel circuit has two or more paths for current to flow through. Voltage is the same across each component of the parallel circuit. The sum of the currents through each path is equal to the total current that flows from the source.

Total Resistance

The sum of the currents through each path is equal to the total current that flows from the source.

Circuits

In a series circuit, the sum of the voltages consumed by each individual resistance is equal to the source voltage. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents flowing through each component.

Currents

Flow of electricity through the current.

Voltage

Potential energy difference from one side of component to the other side.

Resistance

Amount current is slowed or resisted through an obstacle.

Power

Rate of transferring electrical energy through a circuit.

Programming and Rules of Coding

During this unit of programming, coding, and circuits We learned a lot. I think learing how to be able to do these things is very important because we could all use it in the future if need be.

Arduino Programming Notes v. 4.0
You are only allowed to have one setup and one loop function. Anything that goes before the setup must all go before setup, everything that goes into setup must all go into the one setup, anything that goes in the loop must go into the one loop. The computer reads the program in order, so if you tell it to do something first, then something else, it will do it exactly in that order. It won’t do anything you don’t tell it to do. READ EVERY PROGRAM IN DETAIL, INCLUDING ALL OF THE NOTES.For each command, describe what it does, what values it needs, and how.
Circuit 1Avoid setup() // { //} //pinMode (13, OUTPUT); // Set pin 13 to output
void loop() { // turn on the leddigitalWrite (13, HIGH); // turn on the leddelay (1000); // wait for two secondsdigitalWrite (13, LOW); } // turn off the led
Make it Blink Faster (STAMP)
Circuit 1Bint potPosition; //Sets an integer (number) that is going to be the position of the potentiometer.Serial.begin(9600); // Opens up the serial monitor and connects it to the Arduino so we can read what is being inputted to the arduinopotPosition = analogRead(A0); //Read the potentiometer which is plugged in to A0 and put that value (between 0 and 1023) in for the variable “potPosition”Serial.println(potPosition); //print the value of potPosition (between 0 and 1023) on the serial monitor of the computer.
What does it say on your serial monitor? Currently, 471, but it ranges from 0 to 1023
Circuit 1Cint threshold = 750; // this variable will hold a value based on the brightness of the ambient lightint photoresistor = 0; // if the photoresistor reading is below this value the the light will turn onif (photoresistor < threshold){ // if the photoresistor value is below the threshold turn the light on, otherwise turn it off digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // turn on the LED } else{ // an alternative if the first solution isn’t working digitalWrite(13, LOW); // turn off the LED }
Circuit 1Dif(potentiometer > 0 && potentiometer <= 150) // if the potentiometer is greater than 0 or less than or equal to 150 then the light will turn red red(); // the color of the light will change once everything is in it’s position
NOTE: this new function, red() is below the end of the void loop() { }void red (){ // you set the LED pins to values that make red analogWrite(RedPin, 100); // the factor that makes the light turn red is at 100 while the other colors are at 0

Circuit 2Avoid play( char note, int beats) // the char, or character, variable to store character values.char notes[] = { 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'}; // this array matches frequencies with each letter (e.g. the 4th note is 'f', the 4th frequency is 175)int frequencies[] = {131, 147, 165, 175}; // the frequency that we find when we look up a frequency in the arraysfor (int i = 0; i < numNotes; i++) { // check each value in notes from 0 to 14 if (notes[i] == note) { // the letter passed to the play function matches the letter in the array currentFrequency = frequencies[i]; }} // the current frequency to match the notetone(pin, frequency, duration); // the tone function will pulse power to a pin at specific frequency
Circuit 2BpinMode(firstKeyPin, INPUT_PULLUP); // setting the buttons as inputs if(digitalRead(firstKeyPin) == LOW){ // when the first key is pressed tone(buzzerPin, 262); // plays the frequency for c } else if(digitalRead(secondKeyPin) == LOW){ // when the second key is pressed tone(buzzerPin, 330); // plays the frequency for e } else if(digitalRead(thirdKeyPin) == LOW){ // when the third key is pressed tone(buzzerPin, 392); // plays the frequency for g } else{ // ? noTone(buzzerPin); // when no key is pressed so the buzzer is turned off }
Circuit 2Cint led[] = {3,5,7,9}; // red is led[0], yellow is led[1], green is led[2], blue is led[3]boolean gameStarted = false; // variable to tell the game whether or not to play the star sequencestartTime = millis(); // record the start timeflashLED(buttonSequence[i]); // the led flashes for the button that was pressed
void flashLED (int ledNumber){ // ? digitalWrite(led[ledNumber], HIGH); //? tone(buzzerPin, tones[ledNumber]); //?}
Circuit 3A#include <Servo.h> // including the servo libraryServo myservo; // creating the servo object myservo.attach(9); //telling the servo object that the servo is plugged into pin 9servoPosition = map(potPosition, 0,1023,20,160); // convert the potentiometer number to a servo position from 20-160myservo.write(servoPosition); // moving the servo to the 10 degree position
Circuit 3Bfloat distance = 0; // stores the distance measured by the distance sensordistance = getDistance(); // variable to store the distance measured by the sensorelse if(10 < distance && distance < 20){ // if the object is a medium distance analogWrite(redPin, 255); } // makes the RBG led yellowWhat does the getDistance() function do? This function tells the distance sensor to send out an ultrasonic wave form, measures the time it takes to bounce back to the sensor, then calculates the distance based on the speed of sound.Check your serial monitor (magnifying glass icon in top right corner) to see what distances your sensor is reading.

Circuit 3Cconst int trigPin = 11; // connects to the trigger pin on the distance sensor tone(buzzerPin, 272); // buzz the buzzer to pin delay(100); // wait 100 millisecondsnoTone(buzzerPin); // turn the buzzer offmyservo.write(150); // move the servo 45 degreesCheck your serial monitor again.

Circuit 4A - Note: The first red and black wires from the LCD screen (to LCD pins 1 and 2) are mislabeled in the diagram - black wire should go to negative (GND), Red wire to positive (5V).
#include <LiquidCrystal.h> // the liquid crystal library contains commands for printing to the displayLiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8); // tells the RedBoard what pins are connected to the display lcd.begin(16, 2); // tells the lcd library the characters height and length lcd.clear(); // clears the displaylcd.setCursor(0,0); // set the cursor to the 0,0 position in the top left corner lcd.print("Hello, world!"); // prints, hello world starting at that pointlcd.setCursor(0,1); // moves the cursor to the first space of the bottom row lcd.print(millis()/1000); // print the number of seconds that have passed since last resetCheck out the LCD command library: // http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/LiquidCrystal
Circuit 4Bvoltage = analogRead(A0) * 0.004882814; // convert the analog reading, which varies from 0 to 1023, back to a voltage value from 0-5 volts degreesC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100.0; // convert the voltage to a temperature in degrees Celsius degreesF = degreesC * (9.0/5.0) + 32.0; // convert the voltage to a temperature in degrees Fahrenheitlcd.print("Degrees C: "); // print a label for the data lcd.print(degreesC); // print the degrees Celsius
Circuit 4Cconst char* words[arraySize] = {"moose", "beaver", "bear", "goose"}; // the start value in the sequence array must have a value that could never be an index of an array int roundedTime = round((timeLimit - (millis() - startTime))/1000); // keeps track of the roundNumber so that it can be displayed at the end of the game
currentNumber = random(0,arraySize); //generate a random number from 0 to 24
Circuit 5A
if (Serial.available() > 0){ //if the user has entered something in the serial monitor motorSpeed = Serial.parseInt(); // set the motor speed equal to the number in the serial message Serial.println(motorSpeed); //print the speed that the motor is set to run at } if(digitalRead(7) == LOW){ //if the switch is off spinMotor(motorSpeed); //turn the motor off } else{ // if the switch is off spinMotor(0); } // turn the motor off
Circuit 5BbotDirection = Serial.readStringUntil(' '); // read the characters in the command until you reach the first spaceSerial.println(distance.toInt()); // print the command that was just received in the serial monitorif(botDirection == "f") // if the entered direction is forward { rightMotor(200); // drive the right wheel forward leftMotor(200); // drive the left wheel forward delay(driveTime * distance.toInt()); // drive the motors long enough travel the entered distance rightMotor(0); // turn the right motor off leftMotor(0); } // turn the left motor off Circuit 5Cfloat getDistance() { // variable to store the distance measured by the distance sensor float echoTime; // variable to store the time it takes for a ping to bounce off an object float calculatedDistance; // variable to store the distance calculated from the echo time digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); // send out an ultrasonic pulse that's 10ms long delayMicroseconds(10); // send out an ultrasonic pulse that's 10ms long digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); // send out an ultrasonic pulse that's 10ms long
echoTime = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); // use the pulsein command to see how long it takes calculatedDistance = echoTime / 148.0; // calculate the distance of the object that reflected the pulse (half the bounce time multiplied by the speed of sound) return calculatedDistance; // send back the distance that was calculated}
What does your serial monitor say? Is it doing what you expect?
??? tinkercad isn’t working and is saying the code isn’t correct.

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