Synergistic Disruption of External Male Sex Organ Development by a Mixture of Four Antiandrogens - Our observations show that the use of NOAELs as points of departure in risk assessment may lead to underestimations of risk when exposure is to several antiandrogens with common effect outcomes, regardless of mechanism. This highlights the deficiencies of the predominant chemical-by-chemical approach in risk assessment. It is necessary to supplant current procedures by moves toward accounting for mixture effects, and our results underscore the importance of such a paradigm change. Christiansen S, Scholze M, Dalgaard M, Vinggaard AM, Axelstad M, Kortenkamp A, Hass U. Source Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark.