• Tuples are another kind of sequence that functions much like a list - they have elements which are indexed starting at 0

>>> x = ('Glenn', 'Sally', 'Joseph')

>>> print x[2]

Joseph

>>> y = ( 1, 9, 2 )

>>> print y

(1, 9, 2)

>>> print max(y)

9

>>> for iter in y:

... print iter

...

192

>>>

• Unlike a list, once you create a tuple, you cannot alter its contents - similar to a string

>>> x = [9, 8, 7]

>>> x[2] = 6

>>> print x

>>>[9, 8, 6]

>>>

>>> y = 'ABC'

>>> y[2] = 'D'

Traceback:'str'

object does

not support item

Assignment

>>>

>>> z = (5, 4, 3)

>>> z[2] = 0

Traceback:'tuple'

object does

not support item

Assignment

>>>

>>> x = (3, 2, 1)

>>> x.sort()

Traceback:

AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'sort'

>>> x.append(5)

Traceback:

AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'

>>> x.reverse()

Traceback:

AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'reverse'

>>>

>>> l = list()

>>> dir(l)

['append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop',

'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']

>>> t = tuple()

>>> dir(t)

['count', 'index']

• Since Python does not have to build tuple structures to be modifiable, they are simpler and more efficient in terms of memory use and performance than lists

• So in our program when we are making “temporary variables” we prefer tuples over lists

• We can also put a tuple on the left-hand side of an assignment statement

• We can even omit the parentheses

>>> (x, y) = (4, 'fred')

>>> print y

fred

>>> (a, b) = (99, 98)

>>> print a

99

• The items() method in dictionaries returns a list of (key, value) tuples

>>> d = dict()

>>> d['csev'] = 2

>>> d['cwen'] = 4

>>> for (k,v) in d.items():

... print k, v

...

csev 2

cwen 4

>>> tups = d.items()

>>> print tups

[('csev', 2), ('cwen', 4)]

• The comparison operators work with tuples and other sequences. If the first item is equal, Python goes on to the next element, and so on, until it finds elements that differ.

>>> (0, 1, 2) < (5, 1, 2)

True

>>> (0, 1, 2000000) < (0, 3, 4)

True

>>> ( 'Jones', 'Sally' ) < ('Jones', 'Sam')

True

>>> ( 'Jones', 'Sally') > ('Adams', 'Sam')

True

• We can take advantage of the ability to sort a list of tuples to get a sorted version of a dictionary

• First we sort the dictionary by the key using the items() method

>>> d = {'a':10, 'b':1, 'c':22}

>>> t = d.items()

>>> t

[('a', 10), ('c', 22), ('b', 1)]

>>> t.sort()

>>> t

[('a', 10), ('b', 1), ('c', 22)]

>>> d = {'a':10, 'b':1, 'c':22}

>>> d.items()

[('a', 10), ('c', 22), ('b', 1)]

>>> t = sorted(d.items())

>>> t

[('a', 10), ('b', 1), ('c', 22)]

>>> for k, v in sorted(d.items()):

... print k, v

...

a 10

b 1

c 22

• If we could construct a list of tuples of the form (value, key) we could sort by value

• We do this with a for loop that creates a list of tuples

>>> c = {'a':10, 'b':1, 'c':22}

>>> tmp = list()

>>> for k, v in c.items() :

... tmp.append( (v, k) )

...

>>> print tmp

[(10, 'a'), (22, 'c'), (1, 'b')]

>>> tmp.sort(reverse=True)

>>> print tmp

[(22, 'c'), (10, 'a'), (1, 'b')]

Even Shorter Version

>>> c = {'a':10, 'b':1, 'c':22}

>>> print sorted( [ (v,k) for k,v in c.items() ] )

[(1, 'b'), (10, 'a'), (22, 'c')]