02-Expressions

Variables, Expressions and Statements

Constants

• Numeric constants are as you expect

• String constants use single quotes (') or double quotes (")

>>> print 123

123

>>> print 98.6

98.6

>>> print 'Hello world'

Hello world

Variables

• You can change the contents of a variable in a later statement

Naming Rules

---------------

1. Must start with a letter or underscore _

2. Must consist of letters and numbers and underscores

3. Case Sensitive

• Good: spam eggs spam23 _speed

• Bad: 23spam #sign var.12

• Different: spam Spam SPAM

• You cannot use reserved words as variable names / identifiers

and del for is raise assert elif

Numeric Expressions

Operator Operation

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

** Power

% Remainder

Operator Precedence Rule

Highest precedence rule to lowest precedence rule:

> Parenthesis are always respected

> Exponentiation (raise to a power)

> Multiplication, Division, and Remainder

> Addition and Subtraction

> Left to right

Integer Division

• Integer division truncates

• Floating point division produces floating point numbers

This changes in Python 3.0

>>> print 10 / 2

>>> print 9 / 2

>>> print 99 / 100

>>> print 10.0 / 2.0

5.0

>>> print 99.0 / 100.0

0.99

• When you perform an operation where one operand is an integer and the other operand is a floating point, the result is a floating point

• The integer is converted to a floating point before the operation

>>> print 99 / 100

>>> print 99 / 100.0

0.99

>>> print 99.0 / 100

0.99

>>> print 1 + 2 * 3 / 4.0 - 5

-2.5

>>>

What does "Type" Mean?

• In Python variables, literals and constants have a “type”

• Python knows the difference between an integer number and a string

• For example “+” means “addition” if something is a number and “concatenate” if something is a string

>>> ddd = 1 + 4

>>> print ddd

>>> eee = 'hello ' + 'there'

>>> print eee

hello there

Type Matters

• Python knows what “type” everything is

• Some operations are prohibited

• You cannot “add 1” to a string

• We can ask Python what type something is by using the type() function

>>> eee = 'hello ' + 'there'

>>> eee = eee + 1

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in

TypeError: cannot concatenate

'str' and 'int' objects

>>> type(eee)

>>> type('hello')

>>> type(1)

>>>

def addtwo(a, b):

added = a + b

return added

print(type(None))

print(type(addtwo))

Several Type of Numbers

• Numbers have two main types

> Integers are whole numbers:

-14, -2, 0, 1, 100, 401233

> Floating Point Numbers have decimal

parts: -2.5 , 0.0, 98.6, 14.0

• There are other number types - they are variations on float and integer

>>> xx = 1

>>> type (xx)

>>> temp = 98.6

>>> type(temp)

>>> type(1)

>>> type(1.0)

>>>

Type Conversions

• When you put an integer and floating point in an expression, the integer is implicitly converted to a float

• You can control this with the built-in functions int() and float()

>>> print float(99) / 100

0.99

>>> i = 42

>>> type(i)

>>> f = float(i)

>>> print f

42.0

>>> type(f)

>>> print 1 + 2 * float(3) / 4 - 5

-2.5

>>>

String Conversions

• You can also use int() and float() to convert between strings and integers

• You will get an error if the string does not contain numeric characters

>>> sval = '123'

>>> type(sval)

>>> print sval + 1

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str'

and 'int'

>>> ival = int(sval)

>>> type(ival)

>>> print ival + 1

124

>>> nsv = 'hello bob'

>>> niv = int(nsv)

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

ValueError: invalid literal for int()

User Input

• We can instruct Python to pause and read data from the user using the raw_input() function

• The raw_input() function returns a string

nam = raw_input('Who are you?')

print 'Welcome', nam

Who are you? Chuck

Welcome Chuck

Comments

• Anything after a # is ignored by Python

• Why comment?

> Describe what is going to happen in a sequence of code

> Document who wrote the code or other ancillary information

> Turn off a line of code - perhaps temporarily

String Operations

• Some operators apply to strings

> + implies “concatenation”

> * implies “multiple concatenation”

• Python knows when it is dealing with a string or a number and behaves appropriately

>>> print 'abc' + '123’

abc123

>>> print 'Hi' * 5

HiHiHiHiHi

>>>

Mnemonic Variable Names

• Since we programmers are given a choice in how we choose our variable names, there is a bit of “best practice”

• We name variables to help us remember what we intend to store in them (“mnemonic” = “memory aid”)

• This can confuse beginning students because well-named variables often “sound” so good that they must be keywords

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic