3. Match specific joints of the shoulder girdle to their structural classification and movement type.
Scapulohumeral joint: Spheroidal or ball and socket. Greater freedom of movement.
Sternoclavicular: Plane or gliding.
Acromioclavicular: Plane or gliding.
11. List routine and special projections of the shoulder including the type and size of image receptor, the central ray location with correct angles and the structures best demonstrated.
Routine:
AP external rotation: 10x12 Image receptor in landscape. CR perpendicular to IR directed 1 inch inferior to coracoid process. Greater tubercle in full profile, lesser tubercle is superimposed over proximal humeral head.
AP internal rotation: 10x12 image receptor in landscape. CR perpendicular to IR directed 1 inch inferior to coracoid process. Lesser tubercle visualized in full profile; an outline of the greater tubercle should be visualized superimposed over the humeral head.
Special:
Lawernce Method: 8x10 Image receptor. CR horizontal directed 25-30 degrees medially to axila and humeral head. Coracoid process of scapula and lesser tubercle are seen in profile.
Bernadeau Method: 8x10 or 10x12 Image receptor. CR is directed 30 degrees caudally and centered at the level of the scapular spine to pass through the scapulohumeral joint.
Grashey Method: 8x10 image receptor. CR perpendicular to scapulohumeral joint, approx. 2 inches inferior and 2 inches medial from the superolateral border of shoulder. Glenoid cavity should be seen in profile without superimposition of humeral head.
5. On radiographic images, identify rotational positions of the humerus.
AP Humerus
Lateral Humerus
Transthoracic Lateral Humerus
AP Proximal Humerus (External Rotation)
Lateral Proxial Humerus (internal rotation)
Oblique Proximal Humerus (Neutral Rotation)
Inferosuperior Axial Projection
PA Transaxillary Projection (Hobbs Modification) Non trauma