Objectives

Waters Sinus Projection

MML is perp to IR instead of LML. CR is perp to exit at acanthion, like the modified version. 37 degree angle of OML instead of 55 degree angle to the IR. Petrous ridges are put below the maxillary sinuses.

Modified Waters View

CR perp and exits at acanthion. LML perp to IR

OML at a 55 degree angle to the IR. Taken PA.

Petrous ridges projected into lower 1/3rd of maxillary sinus and orbital floors must not be distorted.

Its an ideal projection to demonstrate possible orbital fractures and foreign bodies in the eye.

5. List the location, joint classification and related terminology for the sutures and joints of the cranium.

Coronal- between frontal and parietal bones

Lambdoidal- between occipital and parietal bones

Squamosal- between temporal bone and parietal bones

Sagittal- on top of the head between two parietal bones

*Fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull.

6. List the differences among the three shape and size classifications of the skull and their implications for radiography of the cranium.

Brachycephalic- width is 80% or more of length. Short from front to back, broad from side to side and shallow from vertex to base.

Mesocephalic- width is between 75-80% of length. Typical skull.

Dolichocephalic- width is less than 75% of length. Long from front to back, narrow from side to side and deep from vertex to base.

9. List the three main portions of the temporal bones.

Squamous portion
Mastoid portion
Petrous portion

10. Identify specific structures of the external, middle and internal ear.

External ear-

Auricle or pinna
Mastoid process
External Acoustic Meatus (EAM)

Middle Ear-

3 Auditory Ossicles
Epitympanic Attic
Drum Crest
Auditory Tube
Tympanic Cavity

Internal Ear-

Oval Window
Endolymphatic duct
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Cochlea

13. List the seven cranial and facial bones that make up the bony orbit.

Sphenoid.
Frontal.
Zygomatic.
Ethmoid.
Lacrimal.
Maxilla.
Palatine.