Chapter Objectives
Chapter Objectives
List the location of the three muscles of the abdomen that are important in abdominal radiography;
Diaphragm- Umbrella shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity.
Psoas Major and Minor Muscles- located on either side of the lumbar vertebral column.
4. Identify whether select organs of the abdomen are intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal or infraperitoneal.
Retroperitoneal-kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, pancreas, C-loop of the duodenum, ascending and descending colon, upper rectum, abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava.
Infraperitoneal- lower rectum, urinary bladder and reproductive organs.
Intraperitoneal- liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and transverse and sigmoid colon.
17.List the correct central ray placement, part position and radiographic criteria for specific abdomen projections.
AP Supine- Central ray is placed perpendicular to and directed to the center of IR at the level of the iliac crest. Patient position is supine with midsagittal plane centered to midline of the table. Arms and the sides away from the body with legs bent with support under the legs.
Left Lateral Decubitus- Central ray is horizontal directed to center of IR 2 inches above the level of iliac crests. Patient position is firmly against the table, in a lateral recumbent. Knees partially flexed, one on top of another to stabilize patient. Arms up near head.
AP Erect- Central ray is placed perpendicular to the center of the IR and midsagittal plane, 2 inches above the iliac crests. Patient position is upright, legs slightly spread apart, back against the table. Arms at the sides, away from the body.
5. Identify specific bony topographic landmarks used for positioning of the abdomen.
Xiphoid process- superior margin of the abdomen.
Inferior Rib margin- locate upper abdominal organs.
Iliac Crest- Mid-abdominopelvic region.
Anterior Iliac Spine- position pelvic and vertebral structures.
Greater Trochanter- level with the superior border of the symphysis pubis.
Symphysis Pubis - inferior margin of the abdomen.
Ischial tuberosity- Lower margin on a PA with the patient in a prone position.
9.List specific methods for controlling involuntary and voluntary motion during abdominal radiography.
The shortest exposure time should be used to limit the potential demonstration of involuntary motion.
Provide careful breathing instructions. Allow sufficient time to allow for all breathing movements to cease.