Learners have learned to “think” and connect to “Khit-Pen Philosphy” and have checked the idea with friends in group by doing activities together. One important behavior of thinking is using variety and enough data to support thinking and making decision is especially data that involve academic, self, and social environment.

Data is information and details that happen in organization or physical environment before managing the system to be patterned to make people understand and can use it. It is a fact that we are interested in daily life, fact that involve with events continually such as the number of AID patients in village, the price of fruit and vegetables, symbol, number of customers, number of working hours in each week, number of inventories, number of weight and height of people or number of monthly incomes, and number of scores in examination. Data is text or detail that may be categorized in different types such as picture, sound, video, and basic explanation or events that involve with things.

Data and information have different definition but there is familiar subject and relation between them.

Data means raw data that includes facts and events that happen in daily life that are stored from different sources and they can be number, alphabet or symbol, picture, and sound that operates data. The good characteristic of data should be collected, accurate and up to date. They are such as quantities, distances, names, address, phone numbers, examination scores, records and reports.

Information is data that is passed to evaluate process analyze and can be taken for used to make decision immediately.

Data can be classified into 2 types:

1. Qualitative data means abstract data that cannot be identified in value but can be identified as good or bad or can identified by the characteristics of a group of data such as sex, religion, hair color, quality of products and satisfaction.

2. Quantitative data means data that can be measured in number such as examination score, temperature, height, weight and quantity.

1. Primary data means data that users collect by themselves such as questionnaires and experiments in laboratory.

2. Secondary data means data that users take from organizations or others that have already been collected from the past such as annual report

1. Accuracy. It will be a disadvantage if the collected data is not trusted, user cannot take in order to make decision of administrators, lack of accuracy and may have mistakenly used. Data structure is designed to think of procedure to make accuracy. Normally the most mistake of information is from data that is not accurate or it may because of the people or machines. So system designing should be taken to be considered.

2. Promptness and Up to date. Data acquiring should be updated for user, responding to user quickly, interpret updated information to events or needed, designing recall system and report according to the users’ need.

3. Completeness. The completeness of information depends on data collection and operation. In operating information, it has to explore and ask the need of using data in order to get suitable and complete data.

4. Clarity and conciseness. It is important to store data and necessary to design data structure to make concise, having code to use and summarize suitable data in order to store in the computer system.

5. Consistency. Need is important so it has to be observed to find the need of organizations, look for situation in using data, depth or width of data area that involve with needs.

Making data for information will be an advantage. It is important to take technology to help in operation such as the following steps.

1. Data collecting. Collecting lots of amounts of data and has to be stored in time such as data of students’ registration, and record of officers. There are many technologies to help in storing nowadays such as putting data into computer, reading data from barcode, checking registration form of paper that use pencil.

2. Investigating data. When collecting data, it necessary to investigate data in order to check the correct data. Data that is stored in a system has to be corrected, and has to collect the wrong points. There are many ways to investigate data such as using 2 people to put the same data and then compare.

In operating, data processing has to become information that may consist of the activities as follow:

• Data clustering. Data has to be separated in groups in order to prepare for usage. There are methods to separate groups such as data in school will student files and registration files, and directory that separate goods and services to make it convenience to find.

• Data sorting. When classifying group into files, it should have arranged data in order may be in number or alphabet to make it easy and save time when using it. For example, ordering card of authors’ data in the shelves in the library follow in alphabet, but ordering the name of people in telephone books will be easier to search.

• Conclusion. Sometimes there are lots of data to store, so it is necessary to have conclusion or make a summary report in order to be used beneficially. Data that conclude may give the meaning better like the statistic of number of students that is classified to each level.

• Calculation. There are a lot of data that stores; some data is the number data that can be taken to calculate in order to find the some results. That is why making information from data needs calculating data that is stored to help.

• Storing data. Storing data means taking data to save and store into media such as compact disc (CD) and it means taking care and making copies in order to bring it to use in the future.

• Data searching. The purpose of storing data is for future use. Data searching should be right, accurate and fast so it necessary to take computer to help.

• Data copying. Data copying is taking data for storing or taking to distribute the next time people wanted to use it again.

• Communication. Data should be easy to be sent to users that stay far away and that is why data communication is so important to make users get the news quickly and updated.

Learners can collect data such as keep an eye on (observe), listening (interested to respond), asking (stimulate, question and talking), thinking (connecting cause and effect) and writing (conclude and record) to catch the point and can make data collection through academic ways as follow:

1. Observation like searching data individually such as observing behavior or events in daily life, able to collect data through team or observe oneself.

2. Interviewing like collecting data from other people by questioner using speech in questions and answers give speech in answering from family, relatives, neighbor that can collect data oneself.

3. Answering questionnaire in the form of question is item that have others answer the questions according to questioner need. Telephone questioning can give the answer and send by the post.

4. Studying documents or the sources of storing data like data from newspapers, journals, computer, video recorders, tape recorders, information from email, websites is to be used as evidence.

5. Testing, experimenting and observing like testing in stories, experimenting with things and observing data in shops in the area such as food, drink or goods that the best sell in village or in real places.

When studying, storing and collecting data in variety, it should record those data in order to analyze and synthesize. The effectiveness of saving data, narrating technique, interpret, summarize, conclusion of studies from Thai subject and others can take those skills to apply and can take to record analyzing result, synthesis data and managing data to information if there is much data to record, the principle of summarizing is good technique that should practice to be used as follow:

1. Read and understand the text that summarize, find the main idea and supporting idea in each paragraph.

2. Take the main idea and supporting idea to narrate by using own language.

3. Give the title if the text read does not have title, identify clearly in the case of number.

4. Text in verse should be changed to be posted.

The important process of thinking and making decision to solve problem in the way of “thinking” is using detail at least 3 to be factor in thinking and making decision. The 3 data are academic data, self-data and data about social and environment. The characteristic of 3 data can conclude as example as follow:

Data analysis

This analysis is to identify the components or a subset of the data into the detailed study of each subject to check as much as possible. In particular, the idea is that each of the three aspects of the data registered. Find out who is doing what, where, how, etc., and data analysis to study the information both positive and negative sides. Look at the variety and sufficient to obtain accurate, reliable information that is useful in the sense that data analysis allows us to understand a variety of real phenomena, allowing a variety of data acquisition. Do not believe the claims of hearsay or are looking for a simple one-dimensional view of the depth and width sufficient completeness.

Synthesis of information

The data related to nearby same group to group and organize a large group, especially in terms of the integration of the data representing the three aspects of academic information. Information about themselves and information about the social environment are also determined. The analysis of accuracy and diversity as well as to both positive and negative, then a group of options to solve the data integration and the third the number options, each option will have all 3 sides. They are incorporated into the synthesis. To make a choice in deciding the right choice is acceptable and satisfactory solution to the next.

Moral or “grace and goodness”, means virtue occurring by nature which is useful for both individual and society. Moral can be called as a condition of goodness.

Moral, the goodness inside one’s mind for behaving rightfully, is a feeling human with virtue have for well-doing. Everyone who has moral, opposite from desires which are bad things inside one’s heart, with least desires is then respected as good persons.

Duangduen Phuntunavin(2000:115) has given the meaning of moral, in good’s viewpoint, as things person accepts as good and much useful ones with low penalty, and moral in each society might be different from each other depending on their culture, economy, religion, and education.

The Royal Institute Dictionary(2003:190) also gives the meaning of Moral, in the similar way, as the condition of goodness while Thawattchai Chaijirashayakul and Waraphunnoisuwan have claimed moral in Buddhism’s way as love and as a state of knowing how to think wisely.

Moral, in conclusion, means whatever the society has accepted as good occurred from studying together of familiar behavior, training, and performance, which is useful for both oneself and the others. 

Ethics is moral principles which comprise of behavior and dharma, or practice, that mean principles or ways of behaving. Lots of people have given definition of Ethics in various views. 

Therefore, the definition of ethics, in overall acceptability, is thing believed to be the goodness humans should hold to in behaving to themselves, the others, and to society, both in forms of physical manners and mind’s realization.

According to these definitions of Moral and Ethics given in lots of views, it can be seen that although their meanings are different from each other, they are still resembling and related to another one. Some people have used them together as ‘Moral and Ethics’ which means good manners or behaviors embedded inside their good characters, also the rightful feeling in people’s right minds as their restraint’s control and manner’s one for achieving what they wish, for example, honesty, goodwill, orderliness, gratitude, and generousness.

Economy and society of Thai’s social state right now have changed quickly, also the information and technology’s development which world’s communication can be done in only short time, resulting in citizens and youths begin holding to their world mate’s information, art and cultural, custom and tradition, and lifestyles as their models in living without considering of background and real reason correctly as can be seen occurring in Thai society at this moment. Doing these will result in the corruption inside government service, being dishonest in various colleges’ examination using modern technologies as tools, or upon college students’ prostitution etc. which indicate us of Thais’ low quality in Moral and Ethics that should be solved urgently.

Moral and Ethics are very important for they are the foundation of society’s civilization and the determination of society’s progress and collapse. Country’s leader and other related persons, therefore, should realize and pay attention in solving problems, developing mind and behavior of people from every state, cooperating together in solving society’s problems of Moral and Ethics, and finding ways of fostering people within society to be moral and ethical so that they can live in the society happily.

Components of Moral in organization. Moral is a determining tool of behaving for organization’s existence. Ways of living among the others peacefully are comprised of these following components:

1. Discipline. Discipline is a very important component, lacking of it is considered to be an infringement of people’s rights and duties according to their roles.

2. Society. A state of cooperating with the others in doing activities systematically, which will result in the occurrence of good custom and tradition and in people’s having culture and morality.

3. Autonomy. A state of realizing in conscience that develops orderly, which will help people live happily with having disciplines in society by using what they have learned1t and from life’s experience. It is the highest popularity people earned will be able to behave autonomously and rightfully.

Morality and Ethics in people has three components:

1. Moral Reasoning is the strength inside people’s mind of reasonableness and people’s capabilities of considering and distinguishing rightfulness from falsity.

2. Moral Attitude and Belief are the satisfaction, faith, admiration, and gratefulness of using Ethics as the behaving principles.

3. Moral Conduct is people’s behavior or expression in various situations which is believed to occur as a result of two components mentioned above.

✦ Moral according to Aristotle’s concept. The Greek philosopher Aristotle has given the principle of three crucial Morals:

1. Prudence is to know of what one should do and what should not.

2. Courage is bravery one has in facing the truth.

3. Moderation is to control one’s requirement and behave properly according to their state and condition.

✦ The Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Education has analyzed that Morals and Ethics should be developed and fostered urgently; 

For elementary education, the 3 Morals and Ethics that should be improved are generosity, honesty, and diligence; for secondary education, 3Morals mentioned above should be developed together with the other 2 Ethics which are aiming at the truth and use wisdom in solving problems. Department of Agriculture has determined the behaviors of these Morals and Ethics as follow:

1. Aiming at the truths, which are behaviors related to a state of selecting path reasonably, satisfaction in the reasonable speech, accepting and holding to the truth, and of satisfaction in seeking the truth or knowledge, in question, and in discovering them in order to get the answers.

2. Using wisdom in solving problems, which are behaviors of solving problems or operating sensibly, being able to analyze according to the scientific approach, satisfaction in reasonable solving methods or operating principles, solving problems. For example:Finish doing exercises, reports, or discovery satisfactorily, answering the questions that start with “Why” or “How should we do?” reasonably.

✦ Office of the Basic Education Commission (1998: 34) has determined the boundary of Moral and Ethics vital for living that Moral and Ethics necessary for Thais’ living are generosity, discipline, responsibility, honesty, sacrifice, unselfish, economy, and gratitude, which can be classified into 2 parts as following :

1. Un-selfish – generosity, goodwill, placing an importance upon common interest rather than personal one, benevolence, and gratitude.

2. Responsibility – Working seriously, diligence, cautious, being honest to duty, respecting the rules, discipline, being on time, and always accepting one’s outcomes.

✦ Ministry of Education has declared the Educational Transformations Policy which aims at transforming the education by holding to the principle of “Kunnathum Nam Kwamroo”, or Moral leads knowledge, building the realization upon the worth of unity, peaceful means, and of democracy’s path by developing people to be good, knowledgeable, and to live peacefully using these following Moral and Ethics:

1. Diligent is attempting to work seriously without giving up.

2. Economical is to live austerely, moderately, and carefully in using money for only what is necessary without being luxurious.

3. Honesty is to behave rightfully and sincerely according to duty without being deceitful.

4. Disciplined is to behave oneself rightfully according to the rules and laws of society.

5. Polite is to be modest, respectful, and well-mannered both in mind and behavior.

6. Clean is to beware of the body, place, and environment, and Clean is to beware of the body, place, and environment, and be cheerful.

7. Harmonious is to be open-minded, help, and be generous to the others

8. Kind is to be volunteering, generous, sacrificing, seeing through the worth of other people, helpful, and cooperating with the others in creating the good for society and community.

✦ Moral used for solving problems in life.

“Ariyasat-See”,or The Four Noble Truths, is Moral people used in living or operating various activities which always have problems and obstacles. People who have earned this Buddhism principle and others mentioned above will solve the problems and become successful eventually. The Four Noble Truth is comprised of;

1. Dukkha: Various sufferings, both in mind and body, occurred from various causes.

2. Samudaya: Causes of suffering, which occurred from passions.

3. Nirodha: The extinction of suffering.

4. Macha: Ways of extinguishing the sufferings, which are the operating principles, used for removing sufferings - Ariyaattamkikamak or The Noble Eightfold Path.

✦ Learners can use this dharma principle as following:

• Dukkha: A state people lack of happiness resulting in being distraught. Dukkha isthen,the problems.

• Samudaya: Causes of the problems. What makes we upset or distraught.

• Nirodha: The solving ways. Consider of how we can solve those upset feelings. Search for lots of solutions and distinguish their advantages and disadvantages.

• Macha: The solutions in the form of behaving in order to prevent these problems from occurring again.

Besides the government’s development, organizations should support and develop people in the same ways in order to make them become the truly perfect human resources for organizations as well. This human resources’ development method might be a part of organization’s development, the important thing is that the organization should create good environment or situation for working too. 

To develop people, there is a need to train them to realize of what is good, what they should do and should not, and encourage them to behave only the good ones habitually by using various things in order to show or become noble people with good realization of what they should not do and of what they are doing. People wanting peace from civilization and security of their own and their country must improve themselves to be moral. Moral is very vital and important to people. People in the organization should be supported, fostered, and persuaded to develop an interest in Moral and use it in their occupations.

People, when they are born, earn a living, and cooperate with the others in the society with various difference cannot help face problems naturally. They, then, must have cautiousness and concentration, so that they can search for different information enough for thinking and solving these problems. Thai society right now is in the globalizing era which mean that communication around the world can happen in a short time, this leads the youths and people know of other people’s world, art and cultural, and lifestyle, and use them in their life without considering of background and real reason correctly which results in culture and lifestyle’s problems highly affecting upon people’s quality of life. For example: Powerful person’s dishonest operation, corruption within government sectors, college student’s prostitution, football gambling, drug addiction, informal debt, broken family, child marriage, too often divorce, reckless motorcycle driving youths, AIDS, and etc. These problems have pointed out of people’s having low Moral’s and Ethics’ level which must be solved urgently. Various Moral and Ethics are, then, vital and should be used as the supporting information by the people who are wise more in considering, in learning, in developing people, and in operating for preventing and solving problems. However, Moral and Ethics are different contexts for each community. To use them in solving problems, wise men must decide, consider, and use them properly within the contexts of their community and community’s culture.