Kinematics is a branch of mechanics concerned with describing the motion of objects using diagrams, numerical data, graphs, and mathematical equations. This unit specifically focuses on the description of motion and does not address the underlying causes of motion. The study of causes and forces acting on objects will be covered in Unit 2: Dynamics (Forces and Newton’s Laws).

A typical kinematics problem initiates by defining the geometric aspects of the system and specifying the initial conditions, including known values of position, velocity, and/or acceleration of points within the system. Subsequently, through geometric arguments and mathematical reasoning, the position, velocity, and acceleration of any unknown elements of the system can be determined. Illustrative examples of kinematics problems encompass scenarios such as analyzing the motion of a basketball in flight, calculating the trajectory of a sled sliding down a snowy hill, or predicting the path of a satellite navigating through the vast expanse of space

In Unit 1: Kinematics, we learnt about the equations that govern the motion of objects. In Unit 2: Dynamics, we explore the reasons for how and why they move. Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion and equilibrium of systems under the action of forces, usually from outside the system. In this unit, we will be introduced to Newton’s laws of motion and their implications. These laws of motion are the cornerstone of this AP course, and their importance cannot be understated. The foundations of dynamics were laid at the end of the 16th century by Galileo Galilei, who, by experimenting with a smooth ball rolling down an inclined plane, derived the law of motion for falling bodies. We now use derivations of these laws to send people to the moon.

Energy plays an essential role both in everyday events and in scientific phenomena. You may know some forms of energy, from that provided by our foods, to the energy we use to run our cars, to the sunlight that warms us on the beach. Not only does energy have many interesting forms, it is involved in almost all phenomena, and is one of the most important concepts of physics. What makes it even more important is that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy can change forms, but it cannot spontaneously appear or disappear.

With certain types of energy we can perform useful work. Think about where you get the energy from to lift a heavy box up a flight of stairs. In this scenario you are performing work. As you can see, work and energy have a close relationship.

Have you ever wondered how a tennis player times a return shot? Alongside skill, players must consider a number of factors to estimate how far, fast, or high their swings should be. Unit 4 introduces students to these factors through the concepts of center of mass, impulse and momentum, and the conservation of linear momentum. Students will learn the relationship between impulse and momentum via application or calculations. The conservation of linear momentum and how it’s applied to collisions is also addressed. Unit 4 offers a complete picture of the motion of a system, which is explored primarily through impulse and changes in momentum. Students will further their understanding of momentum and angular momentum in Unit 7 as they begin to articulate orbital and rotational motion.

Earlier on in the year we investigated the topics of Newton’s Laws of Motion, Energy and Momentum. In those units we were restricted to objects moving translationally. In Unit 5 we explore the concepts of rotation. Rotational motion is all around us. Think about how a bicycle moves, there is rotational motion in the wheels, the pedals, and the crankshaft. Even the handlebars rotate when you wish to turn. 

What do an ocean buoy, a child in a swing, the cone inside a speaker, a guitar, atoms in a crystal, the motion of chest cavities, and the beating of hearts all have in common? They all oscillate—that is, they move back and forth between two points. Many systems oscillate, and they have certain characteristics in common. All oscillations involve force and energy. You push a child in a swing to get the motion started. The energy of atoms vibrating in a crystal can be increased with heat. You put energy into a guitar string when you pluck it.

By studying oscillatory motion, we shall find a small number of underlying principles. We begin by studying the type of force that underlies the simplest oscillations and then expand our exploration of oscillatory motion to include concepts such as simple harmonic motion.

Gravitation, also known as gravity, is a fundamental force that governs the motion of celestial bodies, objects on Earth, and various phenomena in the universe. This force is responsible for the attraction between masses, and it plays a crucial role in shaping the structure and dynamics of the cosmos. The study of gravitation has a rich history, with Sir Isaac Newton making groundbreaking contributions in the 17th century. Newton's law of universal gravitation provided a quantitative framework to understand the gravitational force between two objects based on their masses and the distance between them.

Over this next month, our study regimen for the AP Physics C: Mechanics exam will be rigorous and strategic. We'll start by reviewing fundamental concepts, diving into each unit previously covered. Practice problems will be our staple, ensuring a solid grasp of problem-solving techniques and mathematical applications. Utilizing textbooks, online resources, and past exam papers, we'll simulate exam conditions to build confidence and familiarity. Regular group discussions and peer teaching sessions will reinforce understanding and provide alternative perspectives. Our goal is not just to memorise facts but to deeply comprehend the underlying principles, preparing us to tackle any question that comes our way on exam day. With dedication, perseverance, and a focused approach, success in the AP Physics C: Mechanics exam is within our reach.