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The nares are external openings of respiratory tract. They contain nasal cartilages (hyaline), as well as numerous sweat glands.
Nasal Cavity
Picture: Lecture 24Nasal Cavity
The nasal cavity is separated from mouth by hard and soft palates. It contains a nasal septum that divides the nose into right and left halves. The nasal cavity also contains conchae (nasal turbinates) which are made up of a mucous membrane and ethmoidal (olfactory epithelium).
Pharynx
Pharynx
The pharynx is a soft tissue region caudal to oral and nasal cavities (common region for digestive tract and respiratory tract). It contains a nasal pharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Epiglottis
Picture: Lecture 24Epiglottis
The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage covered by tissues that helps in the process of deglutition, in which it covers the larynx when food is being consumed. The cartilage in the epiglottis is elastic.
The glottis is an opening into the main airway of bovine (the trachea). It is composed of various folds that will be important when identifying the Rima Glottidis.
Picture: Lecture 14
Hyoid Apparatus
Hyoid Apparatus
This structure is made of various smaller bones, including the lingual process (point of attachment to the root of the tongue), the stylohyoid bone, the ceratohyoid bone, the thyrohyoid bone as well as the basihyoid bone.
Thyroid Cartilage
Thyroid Cartilage
Thyroid cartilage of the larynx also aids in maintaining the airway opening and helps to protect and support vocal cords.
Picture: Lecture 24
Arytenoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage functions to protect and cover for the vocal ligaments/cords. It creates a space between the two true vocal cords known as the Rima Glottidis. Movement of this cartilage changes tension and angle of vocal ligaments.
Picture: Lecture 24
Cricoid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Cricoid cartilage of the larynx aids in maintianing the airway opening as well as functioning as a site for ligament and muscle attachment.
Picture: Lecture 24
https://agriculturalwithdrlindsay.com/2013/11/08/toothless-grins-fun-fact-friday/
Vestibule
Vestibule
The oral vestibule are the structures of the mouth that include the space between the soft tissues (the cheeks and lips), as well as the gums and teeth.
Trachea: The trachea is the main airway for bovine. It is composed of muscles, ligaments, and cartilaginous C rings that provide structure to the airway.
Picture: Lab Dissection
Tracheal Ring: Tracheal rings are made of hyaline cartilage, and provide structure to the trachea.
Picture: Lab Dissection
Annular Ligament: Annular ligaments connect cartilaginous C rings together, specifically these ligaments connect cranial to caudal aspects of tracheal rings.
Picture: Lab Dissection
Trachealis Muscle: The M. Trachealis is a muscle that controls dilation and constriction of the trachea/ airway, and regulates its' diameter as well. This is a smooth muscle.
Picture: Lecture 24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_hiatus
Esophageal Hiatus
Esophageal Hiatus
The esophageal hiatus is a region where the food from the esophagus can extend and travel into the abdominal cavity through the muscular wall of the diaphragm (which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_hiatus
Aortic Hiatus
Aortic Hiatus
The aortic hiatus is a region where blood flow from the aorta of the heart can extend down to caudal limbs of the body. This region will branch off into the celiac artery and the iliac artery to help oxygenate abdominal organs and lower extremities.
Principal Bronchi
Principal Bronchi
The principal bronchi (part of the conducting zone) are the first divisions from the trachea.
Carina
Carina
The carina is a structure of cartilage that is between the branch between the two principal bronchi.
Picture: Lab Dissection
Sink or Float Test
During dissection, when placed in water calf lungs (from an unborn specemine) will sink due to the fact that they never breathed air, and therefore their lungs are filled with surfactant and have not taken in oxygen yet (the lungs in this stage of development are technically collapsed since the calf is oxygenated by the placenta when in utero).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_hiatus
Vena Cava Foramen
Vena Cava Foramen
The vena cava foramen is a hole within the diaphram in which the caudal vena cava perforates to go back into the lungs to aid in blood circulation.
Pleura
Pleura
The pleura containes two layers of tissue that secrete serous fluid to lubricate the lungs and allow for expansion and deflation. There is 1.)The Viceral Pleura which is the closest layer to the lung, followed by 2.)The pleural space in between the two layers of tissue, and 3.)The parietal pleura which is the outermost layer of pleura.
Picture: Lecture 25
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a respiratory muscle that decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity when relaxed (exhalation), and increases the volume when contracted (inhalation).
Picture: Lab Dissection
Lungs
Lungs
The lungs are the site of inhalaiton and exhalation. Where gas exchange occurs within the alveoli within the lungs. The lungs are involved in pulmonary circulation/ oxygenation of the body cells as well.
Picture: Lab Dissection
Source: Saunders Veterinary Coloring Book, Baljit Singh
Right Lung
Right Lung
The right lung in bovine contains 4 lobes which include:
-Apical lobe (crainal and caudal)
-Cardiac lobe
-Diaphragmatic lobe
-Accessory lobe
Source: Saunders Veterinary Coloring Book, Baljit Singh
Left Lung
Left Lung
The left lung in bovine contains 2 lobes which include:
-Cranial lobe
-Cranial divided (middle) lobe
-Caudal lobe
💡Study Tip: How to remember cartilages of the larynx
💡Study Tip: How to remember cartilages of the larynx
Lucky - Larynx
Evan - Epiglottis/ elastic cartilage
Tries - Thyroid cartilage
Crunchy - Cricoid cartilage
Almonds - Arytenoid cartilage
Pop Question: What are the layers of the pleura in regards to the lungs?
Pop Question: What are the layers of the pleura in regards to the lungs?
Viceral pleura (closest to the lung), the pleural space, and the parietal pleura (outermost layer).
Pop Question: How many lobes are on the right and left lung of bovine?
Pop Question: How many lobes are on the right and left lung of bovine?
Left lung - 2 lobes (left cranial, left cranial divided which is still part of left cranial, and left caudal).
Right lung - 4 lobes (apical lobe/ cranial right lobe, cardiac lobe/ middle right lobe, diaphragmatic lobe/ caudal right lobe, and accessory lobe).
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