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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands
Cortex
Zona glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata
Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone)
Zona reticularis
Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone)
Androgens
Medulla
Chromaffin cells
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Production of Cortisol and Aldosterone
Production of Cortisol and Aldosterone
Image credit: Lectures 33, 34
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Stimulated by ACTH
Counteract stressful stimuli
Increases the rate of gluconeogenesis
Increases fatty acid mobilization from adipocytes
Increase protein degradation and reduce protein synthesis in muscles
At therapeutic doses, glucocorticoids can inhibit inflammatory and immune responses (through inhibiting PG, TXA and LTs)
Aldosterone
Aldosterone
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Angiotensin II or increased plasma potassium, stimulates secretion of aldosterone
Aldosterone acts on principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Reabsorption of sodium in the kidney
Increases loss of potassium in the urine
Image credit: Lectures 33, 34
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Increase vasoconstriction, blood pressure, and heart rate
Norepinephrine acts mainly on alpha receptors
Stimulate glucagon secretion
Hypothalamo- Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
Hypothalamo- Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
Image credit: Lectures 33, 34
Test Yourself:
Test Yourself:
Q: What are the 3 parts of the adrenal cortex?
Q: What are the 3 parts of the adrenal cortex?
A: Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis
Q: What do glucocorticoids do?
Q: What do glucocorticoids do?
A:
Counteract stressful stimuli
Increases the rate of gluconeogenesis, rate of fatty acid mobilization from adipocytes, protein degradation, and reduce protein synthesis in muscles
At therapeutic doses, glucocorticoids can inhibit inflammatory and immune responses
Q: What system in the kidneys is aldersterone a part of?
Q: What system in the kidneys is aldersterone a part of?
A: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Q: What does Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) do?
Q: What does Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) do?
A: Increase vasoconstriction, blood pressure, and heart rate, Stimulate glucagon secretion
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