2) Normal Shockwaves

Normal shockwaves form perpendicularly to the direction of a flow. They are most commonly associated with supersonic internal flows and radial shockwaves such as explosions. They form when a supersonic flow, such as that in a diverging nozzle, collides with a subsonic flow. This may occur, for example, at the outlet of a rocket thruster (this would be an example of a choking shockwave). The key aspect of normal shockwaves is that they are not caused by an object moving through a fluid, but simply the collision of two fluids at different speeds. 

Diagram of how a normal shockwave affects fluid properties in a diverging nozzle

Page 67 & 58 of the Little Book of Thermofluids contains all the equations you will need for calculating the change of fluid properties across a normal shockwave. The tables on the pages after contain a lot of useful data which can help you take shortcuts in your calculations. Take some time to familiarise yourself with these. When working on shock wave questions it is also helpful to remember mass is conserved across the shockwave. For a detailed list of equations for working on shockwave questions check out the attached PDF.