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Stereotypic Movement Disorder

Prevalence

Simple stereotypic movements (e.g., rocking) are common in young typically developing children.
Complex stereotypic movements are much less common (occurring in approximately 3%-4%).
Between 4% and 16% of individuals with intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) engage in stereotypy and self-injury.
The risk is greater in individuals with severe intellectual disability.
Among individuals with intellectual disability living in residential facilities, 10%-15% may have stereotypic movement disorder with self-injury.

Social isolation is a risk factor for self-stimulation that may progress to stereotypic movements with repetitive self-injury.
Environmental stress may also trigger stereotypic behavior.
Fear may alter physiological state, resulting in increased frequency of stereotypic behaviors.

Lower cognitive functioning is linked to greater risk for stereotypic behaviors and poorer response to interventions.
Stereotypic movements are more frequent among individuals with moderate-to-severe/profound intellectual disability, who by virtue of a particular syndrome (e.g., Rett syndrome) or environmental factor (e.g., an environment with relatively insufficient stimulation) seem to be at higher risk for stereotypies.
Repetitive self-injurious behavior may be a behavioral phenotype in neurogenetic syndromes.
Stereotypic behaviors may result from a painful medical condition (e.g., middle ear infection, dental problems, gastroesophageal reflux).

Repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior (e.g., hand shaking or waving, body rocking, head banging, self-biting, hitting own body).
The repetitive motor behavior interferes with social, academic, or other activities and may result in self-injury.
Onset is in the early developmental period.
The repetitive motor behavior is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or neurological condition and is not better explained by another neurodevelopmental or mental disorder (e.g., trichotillomania [hair-pulling disorder], obsessive-compulsive disorder).

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