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Enuresis

Prevalence

The prevalence of enuresis is:

A number of predisposing factors for enuresis have been suggested, including delayed or lax toilet training and psychosocial stress.

Enuresis has been associated with delays in the development of normal circadian rhythms of urine production, with resulting nocturnal polyuria or abnormalities of central vasopressin receptor sensitivity, and reduced functional bladder capacities with bladder hyperreactivity (unstable bladder syndrome).
Nocturnal enuresis is a genetically heterogeneous disorder.
Heritability has been shown in family, twin, and segregation analyses.
Risk for childhood nocturnal enuresis is approximately 3.6 times higher in offspring of enuretic mothers and 10.1 times higher in the presence of paternal urinary incontinence.
The risk magnitudes for nocturnal enuresis and diurnal incontinence are similar.

Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes, whether involuntary or intentional.
The behavior is clinically significant as manifested by either a frequency of at least twice a week for at least 3 consecutive months or the presence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning.
Chronological age is at least 5 years (or equivalent developmental level).
The behavior is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a diuretic, an antipsychotic medication) or another medical condition (e.g., diabetes, spina bifida, a seizure disorder).

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