Project Update

A projectile is any object propelled through the air by an external force that then moves freely under gravity, such as a bullet, an arrow, or a thrown ball. 

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Key Concepts of Projectiles

• Trajectory: The curved or parabolic path the object follows through the air.

• Forces: Moved by an initial launch force, then controlled mainly by downward gravity (ignoring minor air resistance).

• Motion Parts: Combines steady horizontal movement with changing vertical gravity pull.

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Common Examples

• Sports: Thrown baseballs, kicked soccer balls, and shot-put weights.

• Military: Fired bullets, launched rockets, and artillery cannonballs.

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Emotions are complex psychological and physiological responses triggered by internal or external events that are personally significant. They act as an automatic appraisal system designed to help humans react quickly to threats and opportunities without conscious thought.

Three Components of an Emotion

According to the American Psychological Association, every emotional experience consists of three distinct elements: 

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• Subjective Experience: The personal, psychological stimulus or interpretation of an event.

• Physiological Response: Physical changes triggered by the autonomic nervous system, like a racing heart or sweating.

• Behavioral Expression: The actual outward behavior, such as a smile, a frown, or a sudden freeze. 

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Core vs. Secondary Emotions

Psychologists often categorize emotions into foundational primary layers and more complex combinations: 

Verywell Mind

• The 6 Basic Emotions: Developed by Dr. Paul Ekman, these are universally recognized across all human cultures: Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Disgust, Anger, and Surprise. 

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• Plutchik's Wheel: Psychologist Robert Plutchik proposed eight primary dimensions in opposing pairs (like joy vs. sadness) that mix like primary colors to form secondary emotions like optimism or awe. 

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• Secondary Emotions: Deeper variations or responses to primary feelings, such as feeling frustration because you are sad, or feeling pride, envy, and jealousy

Rationalities refer to the diverse frameworks of logic, reasoning, and shared meaning used by individuals or distinct communities to make decisions, justify actions, and interpret reality. While classical economics often views rationality as a single, universal calculation of self-interest, sociology, philosophy, and political science recognize that multiple distinct "rationalities" exist simultaneously across different human domains. 

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Types of Rationalities

Human choices are shaped by several competing frameworks of logic: 

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• Instrumental Rationality (Means-Ends): Seeking the most efficient, cost-effective path to maximize utility, profit, or personal goals. 

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• Value / Moral Rationality: Making decisions rooted entirely in core ethical principles, duties, or religious beliefs, regardless of personal cost or consequences. 

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• Bounded Rationality: Making decisions within the constraints of limited human cognitive capacity, finite time, and imperfect information.

• Communicative Rationality: Relying on open dialogue, mutual consensus, and shared understanding to coordinate social actions.

• Procedural Rationality: Focusing on strict adherence to established rules, checklists, and legal protocols to achieve a valid outcome.