Pseudomonas fluorescens

Pseudomonas fluorescens is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. It belongs to the Pseudomonas genus; 16S rRNA analysis as well as phylogenomic analysis has placed P. fluorescens in the P. fluorescens group within the genus, to which it lends its name. According to the journal entry “Microbiology, Genomics, and Clinical Significance of the Pseudomonas fluorescens Species Complex, an Unappreciated Colonizer of Humans”, the earliest documentation of Pseudomonas fluorescens appeared in a study conducted by German scientists A. Baader and C. Garre on the ability of P. fluorescens to be pathogenic (8). This study appears in Über Antagonisten unter den Bacterien which was published in 1887 (9).

Domain: Bacteria

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Class: Gammaproteobacteria

Order: Pseudomonadales

Family: Pseudomonadaceae

Genus: Pseudomonas

Species: P. fluorescens

-The first image shows a gram stain of the microbe. its pink appearance indicates that it is gram-negative.

-The second image shows an electron micrograph of the microbe

The tests that could be used to identify P. fluorescens are :

1. 1. Growth in presence of oxygen.

   2. Growth on ordinary blood agar

   3. Growth on MacConkey agar

   4. Catalase test

   5. Motility test

   6. Glucose oxidizer test

Pseudomonas fluorescens is a member of the fluorescent pseudomonad group and has generally been regarded to be of low virulence and an infrequent cause of human infection (1). However, it has been reported to cause infections such as blood transfusion-related septicemia (2, 3), catheter-related bacteremia (1), and peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (4). There is an intriguing association between P. fluorescens and human disease, in that approximately 50% of Crohn's disease patients develop serum antibodies to P. fluorescens. Altogether, these reports are beginning to highlight a far more common, intriguing, and potentially complex association between humans and P. fluorescens during health and disease (5). Strains of P. fluorescens are commonly susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, and tetracycline but are less susceptible to cefuroxime, cefmenoxime, cefotaxime, cefsulodin, and trimethoprim (6,3,7)

2. • The primers used were:

     1. PA-GS-F: GACGGGTGAGTAATGCCTA

     2. PA-GS-R: CACTGGTGTTCCTTCCTATA

   • The melting temperature of each primer (respectively):

     1. 51.1 (°C)

     2. 49.7 (°C)

   • The GC content of each primer is (respectively):

     1. 53%

     2. 45%

In silico PCR: 

>NC_017911 Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 - nucleotides 119907-120523 (617)

GGACGGGTGAGTAATGCCTAGGAATCTGCCTGGTAGTGGGGGATAACGTTCGGAAACGGACGCTAATACCGCATACGTCCTACGGGAGAAAGCAGGGGACCTTCGGGCCTTGCGCTATCAGATGAGCCTAGGTCGGATTAGCTAGTTGGTGAGGTAATGGCTCACCAAGGCGACGATCCGTAACTGGTCTGAGAGGATGATCAGTCACACTGGAACTGAGACACGGTCCAGACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGGACAATGGGCGAAAGCCTGATCCAGCCATGCCGCGTGTGTGAAGAAGGTCTTCGGATTGTAAAGCACTTTAAGTTGGGAGGAAGGGTTGTAGATTGATACTCTGCAATTTTGACGTTACCGACAGAATAAGCACCGGCTAACTCTGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACAGAGGGTGCAAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAAGCGCGCGTAGGTGGTTTGTTAAGTTGGATGTGAAATCCCCGGGCTCAACCTGGGAACTGCATTCAAAACTGACTGACTAGAGTATGGTAGAGGGTGGTGGAATTTCCTGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGATATAGGAAGGAACACCAGT

>NC_017911 Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 - nucleotides 766791-767407 (617)

GGACGGGTGAGTAATGCCTAGGAATCTGCCTGGTAGTGGGGGATAACGTTCGGAAACGGACGCTAATACCGCATACGTCCTACGGGAGAAAGCAGGGGACCTTCGGGCCTTGCGCTATCAGATGAGCCTAGGTCGGATTAGCTAGTTGGTGAGGTAATGGCTCACCAAGGCGACGATCCGTAACTGGTCTGAGAGGATGATCAGTCACACTGGAACTGAGACACGGTCCAGACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGGACAATGGGCGAAAGCCTGATCCAGCCATGCCGCGTGTGTGAAGAAGGTCTTCGGATTGTAAAGCACTTTAAGTTGGGAGGAAGGGTTGTAGATTAATACTCTGCAATTTTGACGTTACCGACAGAATAAGCACCGGCTAACTCTGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACAGAGGGTGCAAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAAGCGCGCGTAGGTGGTTTGTTAAGTTGGATGTGAAATCCCCGGGCTCAACCTGGGAACTGCATTCAAAACTGACTGACTAGAGTATGGTAGAGGGTGGTGGAATTTCCTGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGATATAGGAAGGAACACCAGT

>NC_017911 Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 - nucleotides 2135070-2135686 (617)

GGACGGGTGAGTAATGCCTAGGAATCTGCCTGGTAGTGGGGGATAACGTTCGGAAACGGACGCTAATACCGCATACGTCCTACGGGAGAAAGCAGGGGACCTTCGGGCCTTGCGCTATCAGATGAGCCTAGGTCGGATTAGCTAGTTGGTGAGGTAATGGCTCACCAAGGCGACGATCCGTAACTGGTCTGAGAGGATGATCAGTCACACTGGAACTGAGACACGGTCCAGACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGGACAATGGGCGAAAGCCTGATCCAGCCATGCCGCGTGTGTGAAGAAGGTCTTCGGATTGTAAAGCACTTTAAGTTGGGAGGAAGGGTTGTAGATTAATACTCTGCAATTTTGACGTTACCGACAGAATAAGCACCGGCTAACTCTGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACAGAGGGTGCAAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAAGCGCGCGTAGGTGGTTTGTTAAGTTGGATGTGAAATCCCCGGGCTCAACCTGGGAACTGCATTCAAAACTGACTGACTAGAGTATGGTAGAGGGTGGTGGAATTTCCTGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGATATAGGAAGGAACACCAGT

>NC_017911 Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 - nucleotides 4479229-4479845 (617)

CCACTGGTGTTCCTTCCTATATCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACAGGAAATTCCACCACCCTCTACCATACTCTAGTCAGTCAGTTTTGAATGCAGTTCCCAGGTTGAGCCCGGGGATTTCACATCCAACTTAACAAACCACCTACGCGCGCTTTACGCCCAGTAATTCCGATTAACGCTTGCACCCTCTGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACAGAGTTAGCCGGTGCTTATTCTGTCGGTAACGTCAAAATTGCAGAGTATTAATCTACAACCCTTCCTCCCAACTTAAAGTGCTTTACAATCCGAAGACCTTCTTCACACACGCGGCATGGCTGGATCAGGCTTTCGCCCATTGTCCAATATTCCCCACTGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGTCTGGACCGTGTCTCAGTTCCAGTGTGACTGATCATCCTCTCAGACCAGTTACGGATCGTCGCCTTGGTGAGCCATTACCCCACCAACTAGCTAATCCGACCTAGGCTCATCTGATAGCGCAAGGCCCGAAGGTCCCCTGCTTTCTCCCGTAGGACGTATGCGGTATTAGCGTCCGTTTCCGAACGTTATCCCCCACTACCAGGCAGATTCCTAGGCATTACTCACCCGT

>NC_017911 Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 - nucleotides 4966433-4967049 (617)

CCACTGGTGTTCCTTCCTATATCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACAGGAAATTCCACCACCCTCTACCATACTCTAGTCAGTCAGTTTTGAATGCAGTTCCCAGGTTGAGCCCGGGGATTTCACATCCAACTTAACAAACCACCTACGCGCGCTTTACGCCCAGTAATTCCGATTAACGCTTGCACCCTCTGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACAGAGTTAGCCGGTGCTTATTCTGTCGGTAACGTCAAAATTGCAGAGTATTAATCTACAACCCTTCCTCCCAACTTAAAGTGCTTTACAATCCGAAGACCTTCTTCACACACGCGGCATGGCTGGATCAGGCTTTCGCCCATTGTCCAATATTCCCCACTGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGTCTGGACCGTGTCTCAGTTCCAGTGTGACTGATCATCCTCTCAGACCAGTTACGGATCGTCGCCTTGGTGAGCCATTACCTCACCAACTAGCTAATCCGACCTAGGCTCATCTGATAGCGCAAGGCCCGAAGGTCCCCTGCTTTCTCCCGTAGGACGTATGCGGTATTAGCGTCCGTTTCCGAACGTTATCCCCCACTACCAGGCAGATTCCTAGGCATTACTCACCCGT

>NC_017911 Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 - nucleotides 5322176-5322792 (617)

CCACTGGTGTTCCTTCCTATATCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACAGGAAATTCCACCACCCTCTACCATACTCTAGTCAGTCAGTTTTGAATGCAGTTCCCAGGTTGAGCCCGGGGATTTCACATCCAACTTAACAAACCACCTACGCGCGCTTTACGCCCAGTAATTCCGATTAACGCTTGCACCCTCTGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACAGAGTTAGCCGGTGCTTATTCTGTCGGTAACGTCAAAATTGCAGAGTATTAATCTACAACCCTTCCTCCCAACTTAAAGTGCTTTACAATCCGAAGACCTTCTTCACACACGCGGCATGGCTGGATCAGGCTTTCGCCCATTGTCCAATATTCCCCACTGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGTCTGGACCGTGTCTCAGTTCCAGTGTGACTGATCATCCTCTCAGACCAGTTACGGATCGTCGCCTTGGTGAGCCATTACCTCACCAACTAGCTAATCCGACCTAGGCTCATCTGATAGCGCAAGGCCCGAAGGTCCCCTGCTTTCTCCCGTAGGACGTATGCGGTATTAGCGTCCGTTTCCGAACGTTATCCCCCACTACCAGGCAGATTCCTAGGCATTACTCACCCGT

1)Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Pan HJ, Chen YC, Sun CC, Ho SW, Luh KT J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Oct; 36(10):2914-7.

2)Khabbaz RF, Arnow PM, Highsmith AK, Herwaldt LA, Chou T, Jarvis WR, Lerche NW, Allen JR Am J Med. 1984 Jan; 76(1):62-8.

3)Scott J, Boulton FE, Govan JR, Miles RS, McClelland DB, Prowse CV Vox Sang. 1988; 54(4):201-4.

4)Taber TE, Hegeman TF, York SM, Kinney RA, Webb DH Perit Dial Int. 1991; 11(3):213-6.

5)Brittan S S, Robert PD, John JL, Gary BH Microbiology, genomics, and clinical significance of the Pseudomonas fluorescens species complex, an unappreciated colonizer of humans Clin Microbiol Rev . 2014 Oct;27(4):927-48. Doi: 10.1128/CMR.00044-14.

6)Jones R. N., Aldridge K. E., Allen S. D., Barry A. L., Fuchs P. C., Gerlach E. H., Pfaller M. A. Multicenter in vitro evaluation of SM-7338, a new carbapenem.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.331989562565

7)Watanabe N.-A., Katsu K., Moriyama M., Kitoh K. In vitro evaluation of E1040, a new cephalosporin with potent antipseudomonal activity.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.321988693701

8)Scales B. S., Dickson R. P., LiPuma J. J., Huffnagle G. B. (2014). Microbiology, genomics, and clinical significance of the Pseudomonas fluorescens species complex, an unappreciated colonizer of humans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27 927–948. 10.1128/cmr.00044-14

9) Baader A, Garre C. 1887. Über Antagonisten unter den Bacterien. Corresp. Bl. Schweiz. Ärzte 13:385–392

10) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC404678/