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January 2017... I started documenting a pattern of "stripes" that show up over and over again, on a specific group of people among the illustrations of the surviving Mayan Codices...
January 2017... I started documenting a pattern of "stripes" that show up over and over again, on a specific group of people among the illustrations of the surviving Mayan Codices...
Nez Perce (Nimiipuu) - Collector John P. Monteith, 1876. Lapwai Reservation. Purchased by collector from Lucy Lawyer. Illus. Fig. 2, p. 60 in Grafe, Steven L., 1999, "Nez Perce Decorative Art of the 1870s," American Indian Art Magazine, 24(4). Discussed p. 62 in p. 58 in Greene, Candace S., 2015, "The Use of Plant Fibers in Plains Indian Embroidery," American Indian Art Magazine, 40(2):58-71
Codex Borgia
Codex Borgia
Mendoza Codex
Mendoza Codex
Then, things go bad...
Then, things go bad...
Bonampak Murals, Temple of Warriors @ Chichen Itza Yucatan, Mexico - SRC http://inthecavityofarock.blogspot.com/2011/05/were-multiple-races-depicted-in-ancient.html
South Fork cave, Kane county, USA
Hopi "Grandmother" Katsina by Henry Naha
Hopi "Grandmother" Katsina by Henry Naha
Pg 47, Pg. 217 (original work consists of 2,400 pages in twelve volumes, with more than 2,000 illustrations - which appear to have been created by "members of the hereditary profession of tlacuilo or native scribe-painter".[FN]
Red Sticks (also Redsticks, Batons Rouges, or Red Clubs) refers to an early 19th century traditionalist faction of Muscogee Creek people, that was made up mostly of Creek of the Upper Towns that supported traditional leadership and culture. In this context, the Red Sticks led a resistance movement against European American encroachment and assimilation, tensions that culminated in the outbreak of the Creek War in 1813. Initially the Red Sticks were backed by the British, who were already engaged in the War of 1812 against the United States. The Spanish were also trying to retain a foothold in Florida and in territories to the west of the Louisiana Territory...
Menawa was wounded seven times during Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, but he escaped and survived his wounds. Later survivors f the war, escaped to Florida, where they joined the Seminoles and continued the resistance to the United States.[7]
Within twenty years, the Creek lost the remainder of their lands as a result of the Indian Removal Act. According to the memoirs of Lt Edward Deas, who led the third detachment of 2,420 Creeks from Alabama to Oklahoma, Menawa were said to have been alive on December 21, 1836 in Little Rock, Arkansas, but Menawa is not listed on the muster rolls after the group reached Fort Gibson in Indian Territory on January 23, 1837.
Menawa was one of the principal leaders of the Red "Sticks". Menawa was from Okfuskee
Painted by Charles Bird King, 1837.
Other Red "Sticks" leaders include: Peter McQueen & William Weatherford (Red Eagle)
ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐤ
The Cree had been in contact with Europeans since around 1611 when Henry Hudson reached their ancestral homeland around Hudson and James Bays.[4] In Henry Kelsey's journal c. 1690–1692, he states that the Cree and the Assiniboine had good relations with the Blackfoot and were already allies against the "Eagle Birch Indians, Mountain Poets, and Nayanwattame Poets"
Textbooks say that the Cree (Cree: néhinaw, néhiyaw, nihithaw, etc.; French: Cri) are a North American Indigenous people who lived primarily in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations with over 350,000 people are Cree claiming Cree ancestry.[1] The major proportion of Cree in Canada live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Northwest Territories.[3] About 27,000 live in Quebec.[4]
In the United States, Cree people historically lived from Lake Superior westward.
the Cree may call themselves by the following names: the nēhiyawak, nīhithaw, nēhilaw, and nēhinaw; or ininiw, ililiw, iynu (innu), or iyyu. These names are derived from the historical autonym nēhiraw (of uncertain meaning) or from the historical autonym iriniw (meaning "person"). => The name "Cree" is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym Kirištino, French colonists and explorers, spelled the term Kilistinon, Kiristinon, Knisteneaux,[14][15] Cristenaux, and Cristinaux,
William Weatherford, also known after his death as Red Eagle (c. 1765 – March 24, 1824), was a Creek chief of the Upper Creek towns who led many of the Red Sticks actions in the Creek War (1813–1814)
Historical Context: Influenced by Tenskwatawa's interpretations of the 1811 comet and the New Madrid earthquakes, the Upper Towns of the Muscogee, supported by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, actively resisted European-American encroachment. Internal divisions with the Lower Towns led to the Red Stick War (Creek War, 1813–1814). Begun as a civil war within Muscogee factions, it enmeshed the Northern Muscogee bands as British allies in the War of 1812 against the United States, while the Southern Muscogee remained US allies. Once the northern Muscogee Creek rebellion had been put down by General Andrew Jackson with the aid of the Southern Muscogee Creek, the Muscogee nation was forced to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, which ceded 22,000,000 acres of land to the US, including land belonging to the Southern Muscogee who had fought alongside Jackson.[7] = SRC
The Cree language (also known in the most broad classification as Cree-Montagnais, Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi) is the name for a group of closely related Algonquian languages which is believed to have begun as a dialect of the Proto-Algonquian language spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original Algonquian homeland, an undetermined area thought to be near the Great Lakes.
writing about the Muscogee language of the later 18th century, said that there were different feminine and masculine versions, which he also calls dialects, of the Muscogee language. Males "attach[ed] distinct endings to verbs", while Females "accent[ed] different syllables". These forms, mentioned in the first (1860) grammar of the Muscogee language, persisted in the Hichiti, Muscogee proper, and Koasati languages at least into the first half of the 20th century.[31]
The Creek
1540 to 1543, de Soto explored through present-day Florida and Georgia, and then westward into the Alabama and Mississippi area. The areas were inhabited by historic Muscogee Native Americans. Chief Tuskaloosa led his people against Hernando de Soto in the Battle of Mabila
Soon after the establishment of South Carolina in 1670, the Creeks set up a brisk business capturing and selling Florida Indians to their new neighbors. By 1715 these English newcomers were calling these Muskogee, Alabama, Hitchiti and other allied peoples “Creeks.” The term was shorthand for “Indians living on Ochese Creek” near Macon.
The Muscogee lived in autonomous villages in river valleys throughout present-day Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama, speaking several related Muskogean languages. The Muscogee were a confederacy of tribes consisting of Yuchi, Koasati, Alabama, Coosa, Tuskegee, Coweta, Cusseta, Chehaw (Chiaha), Hitchiti, Tuckabatchee, Oakfuskee, and many others.[16][17]
Arrival of Hernando de Soto - see History of Creek
On October 9, de Soto crossed the Tallapoosa River, and by the end of the day, his party was within a few miles of Tuskalusa's village, Atahachi.[3]
De Soto sent a messenger to tell the chief he and his army had arrived, and the chief responded that they could go to the court whenever de Soto liked. The next day de Soto sent Luis de Moscoso Alvarado to tell the chief that they were on their way. The paramount village was a large, recently built, fortified community with a platform mound and plaza. Upon entering the village, de Soto was taken to meet the chief under a portico on top of the mound.[3]
Chapter VII-In which is related what happened to the commander Hernando de Soto, in his intercourse with the Chief of Tascaluza...who was such a tall man that he seemed a giant: Sunday, October 10, 1540, the Governor entered the village of Tascaluça, which is called Athahachi, a recent village. And the chief was on a kind of balcony on a mound at one side of the square, his head covered by a kind of coif like the almaizal, so that his headdress was like a Moor's which gave him an aspect of authority; he also wore a pelote or mantle of feathers down to his feet, very imposing; he was seated on some high cushions, and many of the principal men among his Indians were with him. He was as tall as that Tony (Antonico) of the Emperor, our lord's guard, and well proportioned, a fine and comely figure of a man. He had a son, a young man as tall as himself but more slender. Before this chief there stood always an Indian of graceful mien holding a parasol on a handle something like a round and very large fly fan, with a cross similar to that of the Knights of the Order of St. John of Rhodes, in the middle of a black field, and the cross was white. And although the Governor entered the plaza and alighted from his horse and went up to him, he did not rise, but remained passive in perfect composure and as if he had been a king.
— Rodrigo Ranjel 1544[4]
When de Soto demanded porters and women from the chief, the chief said that he was accustomed to being served, and not vice versa.
On October 18, de Soto and the expedition arrived at Mabila, a small, heavily fortified village situated on a plain.[7] It had a wooden palisade encircling it, with bastions every so often for archers to shoot from. The Spaniards burned down Mabila, and nearly all the Mabilians and their allies were killed, either in the battle, in the subsequent fires, or by suicide. Chief Tuskaloosa's son was found among the dead, although the chief was not. For several weeks afterward, the Spanish made forays to neighboring villages for supplies of maize, deerskins, and other goods...
Over the next few centuries, the Tuskaloosa, Coosa, Plaquemine Mississippian peoples from the Mississippi and Pearl River valleys, and other native peoples came together to form a confederacy that became the tribe known as the Choctaw.[13]
the Creeks were sufficiently numerous and powerful to resist attacks from the northern tribes, as the Catawba, Iroquois, Shawnee, and Cherokee - Certain towns were consecrated to peace ceremonies and were known as “white towns,” while others set apart for war ceremonials were designated as “red towns.” SRC
During the American Revolution, the Upper Creeks sided with the British, fighting alongside the Chickamauga (Lower Cherokee) warriors of Dragging Canoe, in the Cherokee–American wars, against white settlers in present-day Tennessee. This alliance was orchestrated by the Coushatta chief Alexander McGillivray, son of Lachlan McGillivray, a wealthy Scottish Loyalist fur-trader and planter, whose properties were confiscated by Georgia. His ex-partner, Scots-Irish Patriot George Galphin, initially persuaded the Lower Creeks to remain neutral, but Loyalist Capt. William McIntosh led a group of pro-British Hitchiti, and most of the Lower Creeks nominally allied with Britain after the 1779 Capture of Savannah. Muscogee warriors fought on behalf of Britain during the Mobile and Pensacola campaigns of 1780–81, where Spain re-conquered British West Florida. Loyalist leader Thomas Brown raised a division of King's Rangers to contest Patriot control over the Georgia and Carolina interior and instigated Cherokee raids against the North Carolina back-country after the Battle of King's Mountain. He seized Augusta in March 1780, with the aid of an Upper Creek war-party, but reinforcements from the Lower Creeks and local white Loyalists never came, and Georgia militia led by Elijah Clarke retook Augusta in 1781.[33]
March 1811. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh, whose name meant "shooting star",[42] traveled to Tuckabatchee, where he told the Muscogee that the comet signaled his coming. McKenney reported that Tecumseh would prove that the Great Spirit had sent him by giving the Muscogee a sign. Shortly after Tecumseh left the Southeast, the sign arrived as promised in the form of an earthquake.
On December 16, 1811, the New Madrid earthquake shook the Muscogee lands and the Midwest. While the interpretation of this event varied from tribe to tribe, one consensus was universally accepted: the powerful earthquake had to have meant something.
George Catlin - Ball Players
Lithograph of the Mohawk war and political leader Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant
Cree Indian, taken by G. E. Fleming, 1903
Beginning with the construction of Watson Brake about 3400 BCE in present-day Louisiana, nomadic indigenous peoples started building earthwork mounds in North America nearly 1,000 years before the pyramids were constructed in Egypt... (SRC)
Mound Builders were inhabitants of North America who, during a 5,000-year period, constructed various styles of earthen mounds for religious and ceremonial, burial, and elite residential purposes. These included the Pre-Columbian cultures of the Archaic period; Woodland period (Adena and Hopewell cultures); and Mississippian period; dating from roughly 3400 BCE to the 16th century CE, and living in regions of the Great Lakes, the Ohio River valley, and the Mississippi River valley and its tributary waters.
"When Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas, no such nation [Creek] existed. At that time most Southeastern natives lived in centralized mound-building societies, whose architectural achievements are still visible today in such places as the Etowah Mounds at Cartersville and the Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park in Macon. => About A.D. 1400, for reasons still debated, some of these large chiefdoms collapsed and reorganized themselves into smaller chiefdoms spread about in Georgia’s river valleys, including the Ocmulgee and the Chattahoochee". - Saunt, Claudio. "Creek Indians." New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified Aug 25, 2020. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/creek-indians/
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Creek". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Dec. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Creek-people . Accessed 27 December 2023.
The online version of the Florentine Codex is housed at in Florence...
Page 11 of Volume 1 is stamped with the seal of the Biblioteca Mediceo
(Library of the House of Medici)
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