9 - Word-building (suffixes)

9) Word-building (suffixes)

A) Suffixes

- Nouns derived from verbs or adjectives

- AD is used to form a noun from a verb (action, state) or an adjective (quality)

- ID …with adjectives ending in i

Lifrid

- IJ is used to form nouns corresponding to adjectives ending in -ic (See 5) Adjectives, A, 2)

- Persons

- OR (ora in the feminine) added to the verb designates the agent)

- IST (ista in the feminine) = specialist or supporter of)

- AN, -a (See present participle) persons who are in a certain situation a certain state (for ex: inhabitants)

vark = work > anvàrk = unemployment (un-work) > anvarkan = unemployed person

Roma id Romane

- EN, -a (See past participle) = person subjected to an action)

- Places, things, etc…

- ÈL (stressed) indicates the instrument, the object used for…

- AR which bears or contains (for ex. trees fruit-trees or others)

- IA indicates the place (for ex. countries)

- Combinations

- ORIA Place where an agent operates

- ARIA place planted with trees

U palmaria

- Diminutives, augmentatives, etc…

- IT, -a : diminutives (for ex: animal cubs)

- ON, -a : augmentative

- UJ, -a : pejorative > verbal suffix -ujo, adjective -uji

- Adjectival suffixes

- IC indicates tendency, propensity, … “rather…” (See -ij above)

- (I)LI means : which can be (Cf: English: -able, -ible)

- Verbal Suffixes

- IZO + adjective ending in -i means to make + adj = deto + adj. (see prefixe a-): factitive

- IVO + adjective, means to become, to get + adj. = vido + adj.

- Origin of suffixes

-AD, -ID (Sp -dad (verdad), Por -dade (saudade), Fr, -ade, -ité, It i-tà, Eng -ity, Ger -heit, Du -heid, Da -hed, Swe -het)

-IJ (Dur -ij (partij), Ger -ei (Partei), Eng -y, Fr -ie, Croatian -ija (stipendija)

-OR, -a (I-E -tōr* > Gr -tôr, Lat -tor, It -tore (salvatore), Sp -dor (salvador), Fr eur, Ger, Eng, Da -er, Du -er, -aar (leraar), Swe -are (lerare)

-ÌST, -a (Gr istês, It, Sp -ista, Fr -iste, Eng, Ger, Du, Swe, Da -ist, Rus [-ìst] [artìst], Cz ista (socialista), Lit istas (artistas), Alb -ist (artist)

-AN, -a (It -ano, iano, Sp -ano, -iano, Fr -an, -ien, Eng -ian, Du -aan, Swe -an (Afrikan, Amerikan)

-ÈL (I-E (ə)tlom* > Cz -dlo (letadlo), It -ello (coltello), Sp -el, -illo (cincel, martillo), oFr -el (coutel, martel), Ger -el (Löffel, Gabel), Du -el (lepel, beitel),

Da, Swe -el (gaffel, mejsel)

-AR (Por -eiro, -eira (cinzeiro, palmeira), Sp -ero, -era (cenicero, palmera), Fr -ier (cendrier, palmier), It -iera (zuccheriera)

-IA (Gr [-ia] [Gallia, Italia], It , Sp -ia (Francia), Rus -ия [-ia] (Ispania, Anglia), Srb -ija (Srbija), Latv, Lit -ija (Itālija, Italija)

-IT, -a (Sp -ito, -ita (señorita, chiquita), Fr -et, -ette fillette)

-ON, -a (Sp -ón, -ona (hombrón, casona), It -one (omone, donnona)

-UJ, -o (Fr -ouille, ouiller (fripouille, barbouiller, gribouiller)

-IC (Eng -ish (reddish, greenish), Ger -isch, -lich (rötlich), Du isch, Swe, Da, Nor -isk)

-LI (Eng ly, Ger lich (möglich), Du lijk (mogelijk), Swe, Da, Nor -lig (möjlig, mulig)

-IVO (Gr -ευω (-evô) (psarevô, prostatevô, vasilevô, galînevô) = to fish, to protect, to reign, to calm

-IZO (Gr -ιζω (-izô) (arômatizô), Fr -iser (utiliser), It -izzare (utilizzare), Eng -ize (criticize), etc…