10 - Word-building (prefixes)

10) Word-building (prefixes)

B) Prefixes

Prefixes are, most of the time, the same as prepositions and / or adverbs of movement (See Chap. 8 & 6 D)

A- - idea of arrival (Rom. lang. : a-, Ger: an-, zu-, Du aan-, Sw, Da, Nor: an-, Rus: pri-)

- causative, make somebody do, to make + adjective

AN- - contrary of adjectives (Gr: a,an-, Arm an-, Rom L: in-, Ger, Eng: un-, Du: on-, Ru: ne)

AP- - Off, away (separation, removal, estrangement) (Gr: apo, Lat, Ger ab, Du, Da af, Sw av, Eng off, Rus ot, Ser-Cro: od)

BE- idea of fixing, apprehending, keeping (Lat, It, Sp de-, Fr: dé-, Ger, Eng, Du, Sw, Da Nor: be-)

DI- reverse action (Fr: dé-, It: s-, di-, Sp: des-, Eng: un-, dis-, Gr xe-, Rus: s-, ras-)

DIS- idea of dispersion, scattering, breaking up (Fr: dis-, Gr: dia-, dys-, Ger: zer-, Rus, Sr, Cro: ras-, raz-, Cz, Pol roz-)

FOR- before, preceding (Eng, Da, Nor: fore-, Sw före-, Ger: vor(aus)-, Du: voor-, Rom L.: pre-, Slav L: pred-, Gr pro-)

Forjede

GON against, counter-, anti-… (Ger: gegen, Du tegen, Eng: against, Fr: contre-, It: contra-, Gr: anti-, Rus: protivo-)

IN- movement inwards (Rom & Ger L: in-, Ger ein-, Rus:, Cz v- Ser, Cro: u-, Pol: w-, Gr: eis-)

“inner” movement (thoughts, feelings, etc…)

INTRA- between, inter-, idea of reciprocity (Rom L: inter-, Hin antar-, Ger: unter-, Rus: между "mejdu", Gr. dia-)

KO- with, together, prefix con- (Rom L: con-, Ger ge-, mit-, Sw, Da med-, Gr sun-, Rus: s-, so-, Sr, Cr sa, Lit su)

idea of exchange, of reciprocity, each other

a more abstract word with a related meaning

NIZ- down (Ger: nieder-, Du neder-, Da ned-, Rus: niz-, Hin nīch, Eng: down)

OB- idea of an obstacle (Lat, Rom L: ob-)

OD- from, origin, provenance (Rus: ot, Ser, Cro, Cz, Pol: od-)

OP- up (Skr upári, Hi ūpar, Du, Da: op Eng: up, Ger: auf-, Rus: voz, vz-)

PAS- past, passing

Pasporte

PER- pejorative, negative, …… deteriorating, disappearing

PO- idea of purpose

POS- after, following (Lat: post-, Rus:posle, Gr: meta, Ger: nach-, Du: na-, Da: efter-)

PRO- movement forward (Gr: pro-, Lat: pro-, Ger: vor-, Du: voor-, Da: fore-, Sla L: pred-)

continuity, carrying on

RE- again, idea of repetition (Lat, Fr, Sp, Eng: re-, It: ri-, Ger: wieder-, Da: gen-, Gr: xana-, Rus pere-)

RU- back, backward movement, return (Lat: retro-, Fr: re-, It: ri-, Eng: back-, Ger: rück/zurück, Du: terug-, Da: tilbage-)

SU- “on”, “in addition, extra” (Fr: sur-, It: sopra-, Sp: sobre- Eng: on-, Ger: auf-, Da: op,over, Sla L: na )

SUBE- above, upper, prefix super- (Lat: super, Eng/Da/Du: over-, Ger: über- , Sla L nad- Gr: uper)

TRA- across, idea of transition (Sanskr: tirah, Lat: trans, Ger: durch-, Du: door, Eng: through)

TRU- through

UDE- under-, movement under (Lat: sub-, Fr: sous-, It: sotto-, Ger: unter-, Eng/Da: under-, Du: onder-, Sla L: pod-, Gr: upo-)

US- out, outward, prefix “ex-” (Gr: ek-, ex-, Lat/Rom L: ex, It: s-, Eng: out-, Ger: aus-, Du: uit-, Da: ud-, Sla L: is-,iz-, Rus: vy )-

UVE- over, idea of "too much" (Ger: über, Eng, Du, Da: over-)