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Tualang（帝王樹，學名：Koompassia excelsa）是東南亞熱帶雨林中最高大、最雄偉的樹種之一。
基本特徵高度驚人：成年 Tualang 樹通常高達 80 公尺以上，已知最高可達 88 公尺，相當於 20 多層樓高。
巨大的樹幹：樹幹基部極為粗壯，常有巨大的板根，需要十人以上才能環抱。
生長環境：主要分布在馬來西亞、印尼、汶萊和菲律賓等東南亞的低地熱帶雨林中。
主要特色蜂巢聚集地：Tualang 樹平滑且高聳的樹幹常吸引大馬蜂（Apis dorsata）築巢，單一棵樹上常懸掛數十個巨大的蜂巢。當地的採蜜人會冒險爬上高空採集珍貴的 Tualang 蜂蜜。
生態地位：作為雨林中的「超優勢樹木」（Emergent tree），其高聳的樹冠突出於森林樹冠層之上，是熱帶雨林生態系統的重要標誌。
感謝而連突師兄姐在彈腿教練講習會10/08/2026當天，帶我們上山，認識到Tualang tree這個樹種。
Taman Warisan GUA KOTA GELANGG
Taman Warisan GUA KOTA GELANGG
巨型蜜蜂（學名：Apis dorsata），又稱大蜜蜂，是一種分布在南亞及東南亞的大型蜜蜂，廣泛分布在森林及特萊平原。
成蟲通常約17~20公釐（0.7～0.8英寸）長。
巨型蜜蜂主要在離地面很高無遮蔽的地方築巢，如樹枝、懸垂處，有時會在建築物裡。
本種蜜蜂性情兇猛，當遭到敵人進攻時會持續不斷地攻擊直到敵人被擊退。本種雖然沒有被馴化，當地居民會用本種蜜蜂去採集蜂蜜及蜂蠟。
Apis dorsata, the rock bee or giant honey bee, is a honey bee of South and Southeast Asia. They are typically around 17–20 mm (0.7–0.8 in) long and nests are mainly built in exposed places far off the ground, like on tree limbs, under cliff overhangs, and under buildings. These social bees are known for their aggressive defense strategies and vicious behavior when disturbed. Though not domesticated, indigenous peoples have traditionally used this species as a source of honey and beeswax, a practice known as honey hunting.
Apis dorsata is found from the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia. The greatest populations of Apis dorsata are found in China, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In the Philippines, which used to have one of the greatest populations of Apis dorsata, the populations have now become relatively rare due to deforestation and people's "mindsets" towards the bees. They mostly reside in tall trees in dense forests, but also build nests on urban buildings. These bees are tropical and in most places, they migrate seasonally. Individual colonies migrate between nesting sites during the transition from the rainy to dry seasons and occupy each nesting site for about 3–4 months at a time. Some recent evidence indicates these bees return to the same nest site, though most, if not all, of the original workers might be replaced in the process because workers usually live for less than two months. Furthermore, these bees build small combs that serve as temporary nests during their long migrations.In Bornean rainforests, Apis koschevnikovi and Apis dorsata are the only honeybees that appear frequently at flowering canopy trees or baits. Even though they share most of the same rain forest habitat, they are still able to coexist. Their difference in size and tongue length help separate their resource use.
Apis dorsata is found from the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia. The greatest populations of Apis dorsata are found in China, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In the Philippines, which used to have one of the greatest populations of Apis dorsata, the populations have now become relatively rare due to deforestation and people's "mindsets" towards the bees. They mostly reside in tall trees in dense forests, but also build nests on urban buildings. These bees are tropical and in most places, they migrate seasonally. Individual colonies migrate between nesting sites during the transition from the rainy to dry seasons and occupy each nesting site for about 3–4 months at a time. Some recent evidence indicates these bees return to the same nest site, though most, if not all, of the original workers might be replaced in the process because workers usually live for less than two months. Furthermore, these bees build small combs that serve as temporary nests during their long migrations.In Bornean rainforests, Apis koschevnikovi and Apis dorsata are the only honeybees that appear frequently at flowering canopy trees or baits. Even though they share most of the same rain forest habitat, they are still able to coexist. Their difference in size and tongue length help separate their resource use.
Apis dorsata utilizes what is known as a dance language, also known as waggle dance, to communicate the location of food sources to other bees in the colony. The dance language indicates the distance, profitability, and direction of the food source. These social bees dance in the open and their dances produce sound signals of high intensity in the air. The orientation of the dancer's body points in the direction of the food source and the frequency of the sound indicates the profitability of the food source. Apis dorsata produces silent dances, which usually involve visual cues during the day. They additionally produce sound with their dances in the nighttime, as they are the only bees of its genus that exhibit nocturnal foraging activity. Furthermore, there is some evidence that Apis dorsata dances for migration purposes as well. Bees that have returned from the new nesting site perform dances that alert the colony of information such as the direction of the new nesting site.
A. dorsata foragers can travel farther than A. cerana and A. florea, which travel to a maximum of 500 meters; however, 72% of observed A. dorsata foragers traveled no more than 400 meters.
Apis dorsata differs from the other bees in its genus in terms of nest design. Each colony consists of a single vertical comb made of workers' wax suspended from above, and the comb is typically covered by a dense mass of bees in several layers. The nests vary in size, reaching up to 1 meter. Each cell within the comb is hexagonal in shape. Apis dorsata store their honey in an upper corner of the nest. The same size and type of cells are used to rear larvae. Nests are constructed in the open and in elevated locations, such as on urban buildings or tall trees. These bees rarely build nests on old or weak buildings for safety concerns. Apis dorsata can form dense aggregations at one nesting site, sometimes with up to 200 colonies in one tree.
Each colony can have up to 100,000 bees and is separated by only a few centimeters from the other colonies in an aggregation. Some colonies also exhibit patterns of nest recognition, in which they return to the same nesting sites post migration.
Some drones and the queen fly away from the nest and mate on the wing. This is called nuptial flight. The drone flights are comparatively shorter than those of other Asian honeybee species. The Apis dorsata flights occur around dusk for 13 minutes on average. Apis dorsata exhibit high degrees of polyandry, with many drones mating with the queen. In fact, Apis dorsata fabricius is known to have the highest levels of polyandry among all social insects. In general, this bee population experiences extreme multiple matings. This may be attributed to the short duration of flight times for mating. During mating, the drones fly to drone congregation areas (DCAs). There is sufficient evidence to conclude that each aggregation has its own DCA since there is more genetic relatedness within aggregations and because of the short duration and distance traveled during the mating flight.
大蜜蜂（Apis dorsata），又稱岩蜂或巨型蜜蜂，是南亞和東南亞的一種蜜蜂。它們體長通常約為17-20毫米（0.7-0.8英寸），巢穴主要築在遠離地面的開闊地帶，例如樹枝上、懸崖下和建築物下方。這種群居蜜蜂以其積極的防禦策略和受到干擾時的兇猛行為而聞名。雖然尚未被馴化，但當地原住民歷來利用這種蜜蜂來獲取蜂蜜和蜂蠟，這種行為被稱為「蜂蜜狩獵」。
分佈範圍：新加坡、中國、印度、馬來西亞、尼泊爾、菲律賓、斯里蘭卡、印度尼西亞
大蜜蜂的分佈範圍從印度次大陸延伸至東南亞。中國、馬來西亞、印尼、印度、巴基斯坦和斯里蘭卡是大蜜蜂的主要分佈地。菲律賓曾是大蜜蜂的主要分佈地之一，但由於森林砍伐和人們對蜜蜂的固有觀念，如今其數量已相對減少。它們大多棲息於茂密森林中的高大樹木，但也會在城市建築物上築巢。這些蜜蜂是熱帶蜜蜂，在大多數地區，它們會進行季節性遷移。在雨季和旱季交替之際，各個蜂群會在不同的築巢地點之間遷徙，並在每個築巢地點停留約3-4個月。一些最新證據表明，這些蜜蜂會返回同一個巢穴，儘管在此過程中，大部分（如果不是全部）原有的工蜂可能會被替換，因為工蜂的壽命通常不到兩個月。此外，這些蜜蜂還會建造小型蜂巢，作為長途遷徙期間的臨時巢穴。在婆羅洲雨林中，只有科氏蜜蜂（Apis koschevnikovi）和大蜜蜂（Apis dorsata）經常出現在開花的樹冠層樹木或誘餌附近。儘管它們共享大部分相同的雨林棲息地，但它們仍然能夠共存。它們體型和舌長的差異有助於區分彼此對資源的利用。
大蜜蜂（Apis dorsata）利用一種被稱為「舞蹈語言」的技巧，也稱為搖擺舞，向蜂群中的其他蜜蜂傳遞食物來源的位置資訊。這種舞蹈語言可以指示食物來源的距離、價值和方向。這些群居蜜蜂在開闊地帶跳舞，它們的舞蹈會在空中發出高強度的聲音訊號。舞者的身體朝向食物來源的方向，而聲音的頻率則指示食物來源的價值。大蜜蜂的舞蹈通常是無聲的，白天通常伴隨視覺線索。它們在夜間也會透過舞蹈發出聲音，因為它們是該屬中唯一具有夜間覓食活動的蜜蜂。此外，還有一些證據表明，大蜜蜂的舞蹈也與遷徙有關。從新巢穴返回的蜜蜂會跳舞，向蜂群傳遞諸如新巢穴方向等訊息。
大蜜蜂（Apis dorsata）的覓食蜂比中華蜜蜂（Apis cerana）和小蜜蜂（Apis florea）的遷徙距離更遠，後兩者的遷徙距離最遠可達500米；然而，觀察到的72%的大蜜蜂覓食蜂的遷徙距離不超過400米。
大蜜蜂與其他同屬蜜蜂在巢穴結構上有所不同。每個蜂群都由一個懸掛在上方的垂直蜂巢組成，蜂巢由工蜂的蜂蠟構成，通常被多層密集的蜜蜂覆蓋。蜂巢大小不一，最大可達1公尺。蜂巢內的每個巢室都是六角形的。大蜜蜂將蜂蜜儲存在蜂巢的上角。同樣大小和類型的巢室也用於撫育幼蟲。蜂巢通常建在開闊且地勢較高的地方，例如城市建築物或高大的樹木上。出於安全考慮，這些蜜蜂很少在老舊或結構脆弱的建築物上築巢。大蜜蜂（Apis dorsata）能在同一築巢地點形成密集的蜂群，有時一棵樹上甚至會有多達200個蜂群。
每個蜂群最多可擁有10萬隻蜜蜂，且與其他蜂群之間僅相隔幾公分。有些蜂群也表現出巢穴辨識的習性，即遷徙後會返回相同的築巢地點。
有些雄蜂和蜂后會飛離巢穴，在飛行中交配，這被稱為婚飛。與其他亞洲蜜蜂相比，大蜜蜂的雄蜂婚飛時間相對較短。它們的婚飛通常發生在黃昏時分，平均持續13分鐘。大蜜蜂表現出高度的多雄交配現象，許多雄蜂會與蜂后交配。事實上，大蜜蜂（Apis dorsata fabricius）是已知所有社會性昆蟲中多雄交配程度最高的。總的來說，該蜂群的交配次數非常多，這可能與其交配飛行時間較短有關。交配期間，雄蜂會飛往雄蜂聚集區（DCA）。有充分證據表明，每個聚集區都有其自身的DCA，因為聚集區內的雄蜂遺傳相關性更高，而且交配期間的飛行時間和距離都很短。
Climbing an ancient tree over 100 meters tall to harvest wild honey After 3 teams dropped out
Climbing an ancient tree over 100 meters tall to harvest wild honey After 3 teams dropped out
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