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Review for Test on 600 - 1450 CE - Regional and Transregional Interactions
(for more information look at Acorn Book handout, old & new portions)
Key Concept 3.1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks
Key Concept 3.1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
A. Existing trade routes, including the Silk Roads, the Mediterranean Sea, Trans- Saharan and the Indian Ocean basins, flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities (such as — to mention just a few — Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili city-states, Hangzhou, Calicut, Baghdad, Melaka and Venice, or in the Americas, Tenochtitlan or Cahokia).
A. Existing trade routes, including the Silk Roads, the Mediterranean Sea, Trans- Saharan and the Indian Ocean basins, flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities (such as — to mention just a few — Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili city-states, Hangzhou, Calicut, Baghdad, Melaka and Venice, or in the Americas, Tenochtitlan or Cahokia).
B. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods (such as silk and cotton textiles, porcelain, spices, precious metals and gems, slaves or exotic animals) was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organization (such as caravanserai or camel saddles); use of the compass, astrolabe and larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization (such as bills of exchange, credit, checks or banking houses).
B. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods (such as silk and cotton textiles, porcelain, spices, precious metals and gems, slaves or exotic animals) was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organization (such as caravanserai or camel saddles); use of the compass, astrolabe and larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization (such as bills of exchange, credit, checks or banking houses).
C. Commercial growth was also facilitated by new state practices (such as the minting of coins or use of paper money), new trading organizations (such as the Hanseatic League) and new state-sponsored commercial infrastructures like the Grand Canal in China.
C. Commercial growth was also facilitated by new state practices (such as the minting of coins or use of paper money), new trading organizations (such as the Hanseatic League) and new state-sponsored commercial infrastructures like the Grand Canal in China.
D. The expansion of existing empires — including China (Tang, Song and early Ming), the Byzantine Empire and the Caliphates — as well as new empires (such as the Mongols) facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.
D. The expansion of existing empires — including China (Tang, Song and early Ming), the Byzantine Empire and the Caliphates — as well as new empires (such as the Mongols) facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on peoples’ understanding of a particular regional environment and their subsequent technological adaptations to them (such as the way Scandinavian Vikings used their longships to travel in coastal and open waters as well as in rivers and estuaries, the way the Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel across and around the Sahara, or the way Central Asian pastoral groups used horses to travel in the steppes).
A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on peoples’ understanding of a particular regional environment and their subsequent technological adaptations to them (such as the way Scandinavian Vikings used their longships to travel in coastal and open waters as well as in rivers and estuaries, the way the Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel across and around the Sahara, or the way Central Asian pastoral groups used horses to travel in the steppes).
B. Some migrations had a significant environmental impact, including the migration of the agricultural Bantu-speaking peoples in forested regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, and the maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands.
B. Some migrations had a significant environmental impact, including the migration of the agricultural Bantu-speaking peoples in forested regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, and the maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands.
C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages (for example, the spread of Bantu languages, the new language of Swahili that developed in East African coastal areas, or the spread of Turkic and Arabic languages).
C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages (for example, the spread of Bantu languages, the new language of Swahili that developed in East African coastal areas, or the spread of Turkic and Arabic languages).
III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication.
III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication.
A. Islam expanded from the Arabian Peninsula to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion and the activities of merchants and missionaries.
A. Islam expanded from the Arabian Peninsula to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion and the activities of merchants and missionaries.
B. In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture (such as Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region, Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia, Sogdian merchant communities throughout Central Asia or Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, or along the Silk Roads).
B. In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture (such as Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region, Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia, Sogdian merchant communities throughout Central Asia or Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, or along the Silk Roads).
C. The writings of certain interregional travelers (such as Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo or Xuanzang) illustrate both the extent and the limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding.
C. The writings of certain interregional travelers (such as Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo or Xuanzang) illustrate both the extent and the limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding.
D. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic and cultural traditions (such as the influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia, Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia or Toltec/Mexica (Aztec) and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean America).
D. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic and cultural traditions (such as the influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia, Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia or Toltec/Mexica (Aztec) and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean America).
E. Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions (such as the influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars, the return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia or the spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from East Asia into the Islamic empires and Western Europe).
E. Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions (such as the influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars, the return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia or the spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from East Asia into the Islamic empires and Western Europe).
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes.
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes.
A. New foods were adopted in populated areas (such as bananas in Africa, new rice varieties in East Asia or the Muslim Agricultural Revolution).
A. New foods were adopted in populated areas (such as bananas in Africa, new rice varieties in East Asia or the Muslim Agricultural Revolution).
B. The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well- established paths of trade and military conquest.
B. The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well- established paths of trade and military conquest.
Key Concept 3.2. Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions
Key Concept 3.2. Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions
I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.
I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.
A. Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted governments, including the Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties — Sui, Tang and Song — combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy (such as patriarchy, religion or land-owning elites) with innovations better suited to the current circumstances (such as new methods of taxation, tributary systems or adaptation of religious institutions).
A. Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted governments, including the Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties — Sui, Tang and Song — combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy (such as patriarchy, religion or land-owning elites) with innovations better suited to the current circumstances (such as new methods of taxation, tributary systems or adaptation of religious institutions).
B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged, including those developed in various Islamic states (such as the caliphates, the Abbasids, the Muslim Iberia, the Mamlukes, or the Delhi Sultanates), the Mongol Khanates, Sudanic empires (Ghana, Mali and Songhay), the restructuring of Europe, and city-states (such as in the Italian peninsula, East Africa or Southeast Asia).
B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged, including those developed in various Islamic states (such as the caliphates, the Abbasids, the Muslim Iberia, the Mamlukes, or the Delhi Sultanates), the Mongol Khanates, Sudanic empires (Ghana, Mali and Songhay), the restructuring of Europe, and city-states (such as in the Italian peninsula, East Africa or Southeast Asia).
C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions (such as Persian traditions that influenced Islamic states or Chinese traditions that influenced Japan, Vietnam and Korea).
C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions (such as Persian traditions that influenced Islamic states or Chinese traditions that influenced Japan, Vietnam and Korea).
D. In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca.
D. In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca.
II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers, for example between Tang China and the Abbasids, across the Mongol empires, and during the Crusades.
II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers, for example between Tang China and the Abbasids, across the Mongol empires, and during the Crusades.
Key Concept 3.3. Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences
Key Concept 3.3. Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences
I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.
I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.
A. Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations (such as Champa rice varieties, the chinampa field systems, waru waru agricultural techniques in the Andean areas, improved terracing techniques or the horse collar).
A. Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations (such as Champa rice varieties, the chinampa field systems, waru waru agricultural techniques in the Andean areas, improved terracing techniques or the horse collar).
B. In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops (such as sugar or citrus) were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions.
B. In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops (such as sugar or citrus) were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions.
C. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants also expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.
C. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants also expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.
II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
A. Factors that contributed to declines of urban areas in this period included invasions, disease, the decline of agricultural productivity and the Little Ice Age.
A. Factors that contributed to declines of urban areas in this period included invasions, disease, the decline of agricultural productivity and the Little Ice Age.
B. Factors that contributed to urban revival included the end of invasions, the availability of safe and reliable transport, the rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300. Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population and greater availability of labor also contributed to urban growth.
B. Factors that contributed to urban revival included the end of invasions, the availability of safe and reliable transport, the rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300. Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population and greater availability of labor also contributed to urban growth.
C. While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as governmental, religious and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous new cities took on these established roles.
C. While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as governmental, religious and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous new cities took on these established roles.
NOTE: Students should be able to explain the cultural, religious, commercial and governmental function of at least two major cities.
NOTE: Students should be able to explain the cultural, religious, commercial and governmental function of at least two major cities.
III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life.
III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life.
A. As in the previous period, the main forms of labor organization included free peasant agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, craft production and guild organization, along with various forms of coerced and unfree labor and government-imposed labor taxes and military obligations.
A. As in the previous period, the main forms of labor organization included free peasant agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, craft production and guild organization, along with various forms of coerced and unfree labor and government-imposed labor taxes and military obligations.
B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the Mongols and in West Africa, Japan and Southeast Asia.
B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the Mongols and in West Africa, Japan and Southeast Asia.
C. New forms of coerced labor appeared, including serfdom in Europe and Japan and the elaboration of the mit’a in the Inca Empire. Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts (such as in China or the Byzantine Empire). The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.
C. New forms of coerced labor appeared, including serfdom in Europe and Japan and the elaboration of the mit’a in the Inca Empire. Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts (such as in China or the Byzantine Empire). The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.
D. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Neo-Confucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.
D. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Neo-Confucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.
Kinds of questions:
Kinds of questions:
· Identifying and understanding the periodization of this era:
· Identifying and understanding the periodization of this era:
o Nature and causes of changes in the world history framework leading up to 600–1450 as a period;
o Nature and causes of changes in the world history framework leading up to 600–1450 as a period;
o Emergence of new empires and political systems (e.g., Umayyad, 'Abbasid, Byzantium, Russia, Sudanic states, Swahili Coast, Tang, Song, and Ming China, Delhi Sultanate, Mongol, Turkish, Aztec, Inca);
o Emergence of new empires and political systems (e.g., Umayyad, 'Abbasid, Byzantium, Russia, Sudanic states, Swahili Coast, Tang, Song, and Ming China, Delhi Sultanate, Mongol, Turkish, Aztec, Inca);
o Continuities and breaks within the period (e.g., the effects of the Mongols on international contacts and on specific societies)
o Continuities and breaks within the period (e.g., the effects of the Mongols on international contacts and on specific societies)
· Understanding the debates (both sides) over diverse interpretations in history:
· Understanding the debates (both sides) over diverse interpretations in history:
o What are the issues involved in using cultural areas rather than states as units of analysis?
o What are the issues involved in using cultural areas rather than states as units of analysis?
o What are the sources of change: nomadic migrations versus urban growth?
o What are the sources of change: nomadic migrations versus urban growth?
o Was there a world economic network in this period?
o Was there a world economic network in this period?
o Were there common patterns in the new opportunities available to and constraints placed on elite women in this period?
o Were there common patterns in the new opportunities available to and constraints placed on elite women in this period?
o To what extent was Dar al-Islam a unified cultural/political entity?
o To what extent was Dar al-Islam a unified cultural/political entity?
· Identifying what is being show in an image – maps (movements of people or belief systems); the culture, society or belief system being represented in the art; purposes in the kinds of monumental architecture in the various societies.
· Identifying what is being show in an image – maps (movements of people or belief systems); the culture, society or belief system being represented in the art; purposes in the kinds of monumental architecture in the various societies.
· Making comparisons across societies or belief systems (even across time periods):
· Making comparisons across societies or belief systems (even across time periods):
· Compare the role and function of cities in major societies
· Compare the role and function of cities in major societies
· Analyze the similarities and differences in gender systems and changes in them, such as the effects of Islam
· Analyze the similarities and differences in gender systems and changes in them, such as the effects of Islam
· Analyze the similarities and differences in the interactions between Jews, Christians, and Muslims
· Analyze the similarities and differences in the interactions between Jews, Christians, and Muslims
· Compare developments in political, cultural and social institutions in both eastern and western Europe
· Compare developments in political, cultural and social institutions in both eastern and western Europe
· Compare Japanese and European feudalism
· Compare Japanese and European feudalism
· Compare European, South Asian and sub-Saharan African contacts with the Islamic world
· Compare European, South Asian and sub-Saharan African contacts with the Islamic world
· Compare the impact of non-Arabs on the Islamic world (e.g. Turks, Persians, etc.)
· Compare the impact of non-Arabs on the Islamic world (e.g. Turks, Persians, etc.)
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