Chapters 23-29
Chapter 23 – Age of Exploration
Interactions - What factors led to the increased scale of global interactions after 1500 CE? Why didn’t it happen earlier? What were the results of these interactions?
- Why didn’t powerful countries like China, India, and Japan take a concerted interest in exploring? Why did Europe? Consider financial, societal, and geographical factors.
- Compare European exploration – goals, participants (people and nations), approaches and routes.
- Compare European interactions with different societies such as China, Amerindians, Philippines and Indonesia? Why did some areas fall under European control while others remained trading partners?
- Compare the Columbian exchange to earlier trading systems including actors, items exchanged (spices, slaves, metals), forms of exchange, positive and negative impacts, implications for other trade networks, consequences, etc.
Economic/technology – Analyze the role of economy and technology in the Age of Exploration.
- Compare European exploration – technological developments (lateen sails, sternpost rudder, magnetic compass, navigational skills); also analyze the economic results.
Demography/environment – Compare the biological results of European exploration
- Understand the Columbian Exchange - exchange of diseases (smallpox), animals, new crops, and comparative population trends, especially in the Atlantic World. Compare the role of disease and of demographic / biological change in this period with those of earlier periods.
Social structures/gender structures – Understand the impact of explorations on social/gender structures.
- Compare and analyze the social (slavery) results of European exploration.
Cultural and intellectual developments – Assess cultural and intellectual developments of the Age of Exploration
States function and structures – Examine the political significance and impact of the age of exploration.
- Compare European exploration – goals and geopolitical (Seven Years’ War, etc.) results
Understand the significance of the following in the Age of Exploration: Portugal, Spain, England, France, Italy, India, Seven Years’ War, Melaka, Manila, Bombay, VOC, Philippines,
Terms to understand: reconquista, volta do mar, wind wheels, Columbian Exchange, Manila galleons
People to know: Dom Henrique / Henry of Portugal, Bartolomeu Dias, Christopher Columbus, James Cook, Francis Drake, Ferdinand Magellan, Vasco da Gama, Balboa
Interactions - Knowledge of major empires and other political units - Portugal, Spain, France, England
Economic/technology - Territorial and commercial aspects of European empires
- Practice of capitalism/mercantilism – why was capitalism practiced during this time
Demography/environment – role of demography and the environment in empires.
Social structures/gender structures – knowledge of social systems in Europe
- Gender and empire at the elite level, alliances, (including role of women in households / politics)
Cultural and intellectual developments - Changes in Christianity
- Protestant Reformation– what were the political and religious reason for this? Could the Reformation have been successful earlier?
- Counter-Reformation – what were the results?
- Witch-hunts – what factors led to them, what were the results?
- Religious wars – what were the impact of these and where were they felt the most? Why?
- Role of Arab thought in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
- Comparative global causes and impacts of cultural change (printing press)
States function and structures – Restructuring of Europe
- Growth of central monarchies in the west – some constitutional vs. absolute and long-term influence; Why was the Holy Roman Empire not successful in centralizing power? Why were empires formed in the East (China, India and Islamic lands), but not in Europe?
- Characteristics of European absolutism and the notion of the “balance of power.”
- Why did Europe divide into a collection of sovereign states and not attain the level of empires that occurred in China, India, and the Islamic lands? What were the consequences of this?
Understand the significance of the following in European history: Ninety-Five Theses, English Reformation, Spanish Inquisition, Council of Trent, Society of Jesus, Holy Roman Empire, Spanish Armada, Versailles, Seven Years’ War, Thirty Years’ War, Peace of Westphalia, Scientific Revolution,
Terms to understand: indulgences, Protestant, witch-hunting, Ptolemaic, capitalism, absolutism, balance of power, Enlightenment
People to know: Martin Luther, John Calvin, Philip II, Charles V, Elizabeth I, Henry VIII, Louis XIV, Adam Smith, Galileo Galilei, Nicolaus Copernicus, Isaac Newton, Baron de Montesquieu
Chapter 25 – Americas and Oceania
Interactions - Knowledge of major empires - Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, France, England - Territorial aspects of the above, including differences in motivations, approaches to exploration and colonization.
- Examine the exploration of the Americas by the French, Dutch, and English. How and why was their approach different from that of the Spanish and Portuguese?
- Relationship between Europeans and indigenous peoples in the Americas and Oceania.
- Compare the exploration and colonization of Australia / Oceania and the Americas. Explain the success of the Europeans.
- Change in global interactions (including Oceania), trade (slaves, fur, tobacco), and technology. How did trade in the Americas fit into the larger trading world of the Europeans?
Economic/technology – Commercial aspects of the various empires and territories (trade especially)
- What were the economic implications of trade in the Americas.
- Coercive labor systems: slave trade, slavery, slave plantation systems, indentured servants, encomienda, and other coercive labor systems in the Americas
Demography/environment - Demographic and environmental changes in the Americas and Oceania: diseases (smallpox), animals, new crops, new ethnicities, and comparative population trends
Social structures/gender structures - Social structures in the major empires and colonies.
- What were the social implications of trade in the Americas.
- Compare social structures in North, Central and South America and explain the differences.
- Compare the hacienda, encomienda and repartimiento systems. Did any native traditions remain?
- Gender structures at the empire at the elite level, in alliances, including the role of women in households and in politics, compare among the regions
Cultural and intellectual developments – in the Americas/Oceania including artistic and cultural exchanges
- Changes in Religions – i.e. syncretic Christianity and its impact on local beliefs
States function and structures – Know major political units - Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, France, England
Understand the significance of the following in the Age of Exploration: Santo Domingo, Lima, Mexico City, Treaty of Tordesillas, Spain, Portugal, Brazil, French, Dutch, English, New York, Jamestown, Quebec, Australia, Botany Bay
Terms to understand: conquistadores, mestizo, mulattoes, zambos, encomienda, encomenderos, peninsulares, Criollos, Audiencias, hacienda, repartimiento, viceroys, métis, indentured servants,
People to know: Aztecs, Inca, Tainos, Christopher Columbus, Motecuzoma II, Hernán Cortés, Dona Marina, Francisco Pizarro, Atahualpa, Pedro Alvares Cabral, James Cook, Ferdinand Magellan
Interactions - Global trading networks – influence on Sub-Saharan Africa – Europeans on West Africa, impact on trans-Saharan trade routes and port cities and coastal kingdoms.
- Change in global interactions, trade (slaves, firearms, sugar) and technology
- Knowledge of territorial aspects of major African empires and states and European colonies in Africa
Economic/technology – Trade, commercial and technological exchanges in African states
- Comparative knowledge of slave systems / slave trade – Middle Passage, triangular trade, abolition, etc.
- Compare regional differences and differences with preexisting African and Islamic slavery (trans-Saharan roots), What differences existed in the regions?
Demography/environment – Exchange of diseases, animals, new crops (manioc and sugar) and comparative population trends (especially with the slave trade and resulting African Diaspora)
Social structures/gender structures – creation of African- American society.
- Roles of women in Africa – political, socially, economically, etc.
- What were the social and gender implications of slavery in the western hemisphere?
- What were the social influences of the slave trade on African societies?
- Understand gender roles in empires at the elite level, in alliances, (including role of women in households/politics).
Cultural and intellectual developments - Compare the creation of African-American culture to other examples of cultural melding. What parts of African culture remained, what parts changed?
- Mixing of cultures – African, European and American; compare with those in other regions
- Changes in belief systems – syncretic religions especially Christianity and Islam in Africa; impact on sub-Saharan African beliefs and Sub-Saharan African beliefs on Christianity and Islam.
- How did enlightenment ideas of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” coexist with slavery?
- What factors led to the rise and abolition of the slave trade?
States function and structures –
- Knowledge of major African empires and states (Kongo, Benin, Oyo, or Songhay, etc.)
- Examine the nature of African political development in Songhay, Swahili city-states and Kongo and impact of Portugal on east and south Africa.
- What were the political influences of the slave trade on African societies?
Understand the significance of the following in African history: Songhay, Gao, Swahili city-states, Kongo, Asante, Dahomey, Oyo, Portugal, Dutch, English, Spanish, French, Denmark, Angola/ Ndongo, Mozambique, Cape Town, Khoikhoi, Timbuktu, Fulani, Saint-Domingue, Triangular trade
Terms to understand: manioc, vodou, santeria, candomblé, maroon, Middle passage, diaspora
People to know: Sunni Ali, King Nzinga/Afonso I, Queen Nzinga, Dona Beatriz,
Interactions – Territorial aspects of the Chinese and Japanese empires
- China’s influence on Asia
- Trade’s influence on East Asi
- Impact of European contacts
Economic/technology – economic and technological developments in China and Japan
- Commercial aspects of China and Japan
Demography/environment - comparative population trends and birth control practices
- Impact of population growth on environment, especially rise in cities
Social structures/gender structures – compare to the social and gender roles in other societies
- Role of women in households and politics in China (footbinding) and Japan (rise of ‘floating world’).
- Compare social systems in Japan and China. What accounts for the differences and similarities?
Cultural and intellectual developments -
- Arts (‘floating world’), literature (popular novels) and transformations, including cultural influences (China on Japan, China on Manchus, etc.)
- Changes and continuities in Confucianism - Neoconfucianism, ‘son of heaven,’ “Eight-legged essays,”
States function and structures – knowledge of political units – Ming China, Qing China, Tokugawa Japan
- Why was China so powerful?
- Political and educational traditions – e.g. China’s civil service examination system, etc
Understand the significance of the following in East Asian history: Jesuits, China, Yuan, Ming, Beijing, Manchus, Qing, Confucian, Neoconfucianism,
Terms to understand: “son of heaven,” Forbidden City, daimyo, Bakufu, “native learning,” Ukiyo/“floating worlds,” Kabuki, Bunraku
People to know: Matteo Ricci, Hongwu, Yongle, Wanli, Kangxi, Qianlong, Zheng He, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Francis Xavier
Chapter 28 – Islamic Gunpowder Empires
Interactions – trade and other exchanges among the Ottoman, Mughal and Safavid Empires
- Motives for expansion and full territorial reach
Economic/technology – economic and technological developments, including decline
- Know commercial aspects (including agriculture and trade) of Ottoman, Mughal and Safavid Empires
Demography/environment – demographic increases and impact on environment, as well as agriculture
- Growth and role of cities – Istanbul and Isfahan
Social structures/gender structures -
- Social organization of the empires – role of Islam on the society, role of steppe culture on societies.
- Gender in the empire at the elite level, in alliances, and the role of women in households and in politics - Institution of the harem, influence of harem politics
Cultural and intellectual developments - Comparative global causes and impacts of cultural change
- Changes and continuities in religions – Islam (Twelver Shiism) and Hinduism (Sikhism),
- Turkish/steppe influence on Islamic culture, role of cities, changes in arts (e.g., Mughal),
States function and structures – Knowledge of Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires
- Explain reasons for their military prowess (conquest of Constantinople, Siege of Vienna
- Analyze factors leading to the decline and reasons for collapse
Understand the significance of the following: Mughals, Taj Mahal, Goa, Ottoman, Safavid, Isfahan
Terms to understand: ghazi, Janissaries, devshirme, jizya, dhimmi, millet, harem, Twelver Shiism, Sikhism
People to know: Babur, Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, Osman Bey, Mehmed II, Selim the Grim, Suleyman the Magnificent, Hurrem Sultana, Murad IV, Shah Ismail, Safi al-Din, Shah Abbas
Interactions
- Westernization of Russia
- Interactions with central Asians - conquest of Siberia and indigenous response
- Involvement in global trade – furs, increase in trade
Economic/technology - Russian industrialization and commerce
- Comparative global causes and impacts of economic change – Russia vs. Ottomans,
Demography/environment -
Social structures/gender structures -
- Russian gender and social roles - including role of women in households / politics, and role of peasants/serfs
- Impact of serfdom on Russian society
Cultural and intellectual developments – Russian art and culture and exchanges with other cultures
- Comparative global causes and impacts of cultural change – Russia vs. Ottomans,
- Changes and continuities in religions – Russian Orthodox Church vs. Old Beliefs
- Western European influence on Russia and ways in which Russia resisted European influence
- Nature of Russian identity throughout this time (changes and continuities)
- Role of Intelligentsia and St. Petersburg in Russian culture
States function and structures – political organization of Russia
- Role of Romanovs and Poland in the Russian Empire
Understand the significance of the following in Russian history: Kiev, Mongols, Moscow, Byzantium, St. Petersburg, Poland, Pugachev’s rebellion, Georgia, Siberia,
Terms to understand: boyars, oprichniki, “time of troubles,” westernization, enlightened despot, serfdom,
People to know: Ivan III, Cossacks, Ivan IV, Mikhail Romanov, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great