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History of Astronomy
Significant people and their discoveries
21 centuries discoveries
What is Astronomy
the study of celestial objects and phenomena and the universe
it uses mathematics physics, chemistry to explain their origin and evolution
objets observed include planets stars, galaxies and comets.
phenomenon observed include supernovae pulsars and gamma ray bursts
Astronomy is considered to be the oldest sciences studied and dates back to the ancient Babylonians, Chinese and other civilisations.
SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE
Galileo Galilei
Bio: Italian natural Philosopher, Astronomer, Mathematician
Born: Feb 15, 1564 in Pisa Italy
Contribution to Astronomy
Sparked the birth of modern astronomy by:
a. Observing the moon and phases of Venus
b. Moons around Jupiter and sun spots
c. Countless stars make up the milky way
made the first telescope by modifyin
the spyglass that was invented back then and improving it
In 1609 he made his first astronomical discovery
Discoveries made:
Discovered 4 moons orbiting Jupiter
Galileo also discovered that by looking at Venus, he could deduce that planets orbit the sun, not earth
he discovered the sunspots in the sun which appear as dark in colour
in conclusion: he laid the foundation for today’s modern space probes and telescopes
Johannes Kepler
Bio: Germann Astronomer, Mathematician, Astrologer, Natural philosopher and a music writer.
Born: December 27 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Germany
Contributions:
Discovered 3 major laws of planetary motion
made his own telescope
explain the principles of a telescope.
Isaaz Newton
Bio: physicist and Mathematician
Born: December 25, 1642 in Lincolnshire, England
Contributions:
He created the modern telescope by improving the current ones through grinding his own lenses and finding a solution.
law of universal gravitation
three laws of motion
He changed the telescope lens to a mirror
he used different metals and polished them
3 laws of planetrary motion
1st law: Each planet’s orbit around the sun is an ellipse
the sun’s centre is always located at one focus of the orbital ellipse. the planet follows the ellipse in its orbit, meaning that the planet to sun distance is constantly changing as the planet goes around its orbit
2nd law: The line joining a planet and the sun sweeps equal areas of space during equal time intervals as the planet orbits.
Basically, that planets do not move with constant speed along their orbits but their speed varies so that the line joining the centres of the sun and planet sweeps out equal parts of an area in equal times.
3rd law: The squares of the orbital periods of the planets are directly proportional to the curves of the semi-major axes of their orbits.
Kepler’s Their law implies that the period for a planet to orbit the sun increases rapidly with the radius. of its orbit. The earth takes 365 days while Saturn takes 10,759
Keplerian Telescope
Improvement of Galileo’s Desigbn Uses convex lens instead of Galileo’s concave for the eyepiece
advantages: Rays of light emerging from the eyepiece are converging which allows greater eye relief and field of view
Law of universal gravitation
Statement that any particle of matter in the universe attracts any other particle with a force
varying directly as the product of the masses and inversely as the square between them.
The magnitude of the attractive force F is equal to G (the gravitational constant, a number the size
of which depends on the system of units used and which is a universal constant) multiplied by the
product of the masses (m1, and m2)
F=force
G=gravitational constant
m1=mass of object 1
m2=mass of object 2
R=distance between centres of the masses
Gravitational Constant: physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects
Want more info? (Some facts)
Kepler-452b is currently the smallest planet in the habitable zone(the area around the star that
could pool water on the orbiting planet)
Kepler-452b is 60% larger in diameter than Earth (Super-Earth-Size)
While Kepler-452b is larger than Earth, it only takes 385 days to orbit (Wow! When the diameter
is 60% larger?7)
Kepler-452b is 6 billion years old, older than our sun.
It has the same temperature as compared to Earth but it is 20% brighter and 10% larger.
Since Kepler-452b is a "older cousin" of Earth, it can reflect how the Earth's environment is.
It's been around long enough for life to inhabit that planet, should everything that is needed is
there.
Twelve of the new planet candidates have diameters between one to two times that of
Earth, and orbit in their star's habitable zone.
The Kepler-452 system is located 1400 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus.
Dark Matter and Energy
Dark matter makes up almost 84% of the mass in the cosmos
Dominance throughout the galaxies arises from the fact that the stars and hydrogen gas are moving as if governed by an invisible element.
Spiral galaxies like our own offers fundamental clues into the nature of the particle at the heart of the mystery of dark matter.
Dark matter is invisible, non-baryonic matter hypothesised to explain phenomena including gravitational lensing and galactic rotation curves.
Dark energy is thought to permeate the Universe and, despite its low energy-density, is thought to be responsible for the accelerating expansion of the Universe.
New Neutron star
About 4,000 light-years from Earth, an entity released a large flash of radiation three times an hour, each for a minute at a time, taking researchers by surprise.
In every 20 minutes, the object is the brightest radio sources like Neutron stars.
The new breed had a high amount of magnetic energy.
The star also emitted highly polarised radio waves
What is that? Find out in the next slide!
Magnetars
1 Their magnetic fields are a thousand trillion times stronger than Earth
Like other stars, they emit bursts of radiation.
Unlike Pulsars, their bursts are not reliable/ consistent. They are pretty erratic.
One is a ultra long period magnetars,
Slowly spinning neutron star that has been predicted to exist theoretically,
It converts magnetic energy to radio waves much more effectively than anything else.
Space missions:
Mercury
Gemini
Apollo
Project Mercury
Project Mercury was the first human spaceflight program of the United States, running from 1958 through 1963. An early highlight of the Space Race, its goal was to put a man into Earth orbit and return him safely, ideally before the Soviet Union.
It started when the Soviet Union sent a satellite, Sputnik 1 to space, shocking America, spurring them to start the Project. They successfully sent a satellite to Space, however…The Soviets then sent Yuri Gagarin to space, leading America to start…
Project Gemini
Project Gemini was the development of space travel techniques to support the Apollo mission to land astronauts on the Moon. In doing so, it allowed the United States to catch up and overcome the lead in human spaceflight capability the Soviet Union had obtained.
They managed to develop on space technology, and also sent two-man spacecraft to Earth Orbit, setting the groundwork for the next Project. However….
Project Apollo
Project Apollo was the third United States human spaceflight program , which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972.
They managed to land two people, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Lightyear Adrian, on the moon. Leading to the famous quote: “That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
Todays lesson was quite interesting. We had to present out slides.
The sec 1s visited us today, kinda cool
How presenters can do better:
They could have left more time for us to type
There was also one person who spoke very softly so we could not hear him
Things i enjoyed:
Group work, although i would prefer Kahoot quizzes in the future
The videos were also a nice touch but they videos themselves could have been more interesting
What i feel about the presentation:
They should have added more memes
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