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Cosmology
It is a branch of astronomy that focuses on the evolution of the universe
Examples of theories are the Big Bang theory and Hawking radiation
The Big Bang theory is the beloved theory to explain the birth of the universe
It states that the singularity exploded to form the universe
The singularity is infinitively small and dense point, meaning it has no dimensions
Hubble noticed that galaxies were moving away from us at an increasing rate
He asked himself if the universe is actually infinite
He realised that the universe was finite and it was slowly expanding
The objects are moving away and are held together by gravity
The universe expanding at an increasing rate, so does the rate of objects moving away from us
If the universe was expanding, the frequency of light emitted by objects are also getting stretched.
This is called redshift. Light expands and it can reach infrared or even radio waves.Time to discover is running out faster as redshift is faster.
Cosmologists use Hubble constant to find out the age of the universe . The constant of the proportionality between the velocities of remote galaxies and they’re distances.
Hubble constant
H_{0 743 kilometre per second per mega parsec
Zero curvature is a flat universe
The cosmological principle
The universe looks the same everywhere in terms of large scale
All laws of nature is the same everywhere
The universe is homogeneous and isotropic.
The singularity is a 0 dimensional object
The creation of the singularity created matter energy space and time.
Cosmic microwave background
It is electromagnetic radiation which is the remnant from an early stage of the universe also known as relic radiation
Some astronomers calls Penzias and Wilson used a radio telescope to analyse radio signals from the spaces between the galaxies
They encounter a persistent noise of microwaves from every direction
They need to remove the static
They found droppings of pigeons nesting in the antenna. They cleaned the mess and discouraged the pigeons from roosting and they keep coming back
The noise was microwave background and that was how it was discovered.
Radiation era
Consists of 8 Epochs Planck Grand Unified, Inflationary Electroweak , Quark, Hadron, Lepton and nuclear and will explain the formation of the early universe
Planck epoch
Happened after the Big Bang, no matter existed, only energy and the super force, a force made up of the universe 4 main forces , gravity strong and weak nuclear and electromagnetic The universe was cool at that time
Grand unification epoch
Gravity split away from the super force leaving strong weak nuclear and electro magnetic
Grand unification s only 3 remains together to a grapefruit
Filled with electron, quarks and anti quarks
Only ended when strong nuclear splits away
Inflation epoch
The universe started to rapidly expand from an atom
Electroweak epoch
Weak and electromagnetic split off and resulted in all forces of nature
QUARK EPOCH
All particles are present are too hot and dense to form subatomic particles like neutrons and protons
Hadron approach
Cool enough for subatomic particles to form.
Lepton and Nuclear
Happened 1 to 100s after the big bang
Elements like hydrogen and helium formed
Matter era
Atomic Epoch
Happened 50000 years after the Big Bang and Hydrogen and Helium gain electrons and so far it is only 3000K.
Galactic epoch
Happened 200 million years after the Big Bang and pockets of gas collected atoms via galaxy and early clouds became the beginning of the galaxies
Stellar epoch
3 billion years after the Big B moneyang
Star forms and universe becomes to evolve
Gave way to all life and objects that we now see
Death of the universe
Eventually everything will die
Big freeze
Dark energy wins and overcomes gravity the universe would continue expanding
This causes objects to get further and further away until their light is redshifted and the universe becomes dark. Even plants orbiting stars will also fly off as dark energy is getting stronger than gravity
The universe would freeze
Big Crunch
Opposite of big freeze
It will eventually causes all the matter and energy and matter of the universe to crash into one point in space time much like a singularity.
Big Crunch and bounce
The universe goes into a Big Bang and everything will start over again
Depends on how much dark energy there is
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